Murder of Emmett Till Essay

Emmett Till was a fourteen year old boy who lived in Chicago. He was very outgoing and friendly with everyone he met. After his uncle, Moses (Moh-ss) Wright, came up to visit, he took Emmett and his cousin down to Money, Mississippi. Before he left, his mother informed him that life is very, very different for blacks in the South and the way he acted at home could not be the same as how he acted down there. He didn’t believe her warnings. As Emmett and his mother got to the train station Emmett ran for the train in haste as to not miss his ride. Mamie Till, his mother, yelled to him â€Å"Emmett, aren’t you gonna say good bye? What if I never see you again?† Emmett said, â€Å"Awhh mama.† Then he gave her a kiss on the cheek and handed her his watch so that she had part of him while he was away. She asked about his father’s ring and he said he was, â€Å"going to show it off to the boys† and was on his way without regard to his mother’s warnings. Money, Mississippi was just a stretch of road with a post office on one end and Bryant’s Grocery and Meat Market at the other. Bryant’s sold cool drinks to passing field workers and candy to the neighborhood children. So African Americans were often regulars. As Mamie had said, the south was like a whole other world compared to Chicago. In the south, when a white woman would walk down the sidewalk and a black man was walking towards her, he would have to get off the sidewalk and look at the ground because a black male can never look a white woman in the eyes. Blacks weren’t even allowed to enter through the front doors of white businesses. Moses Wright worked on a field picking cotton. He lived in a small shack on the plantation that he worked for. There were only three small rooms in the shack so everyone squeezed in to the available beds. Emmett had to sleep with his cousin in one room; Moses was in another and in the other room, Wheeler Parker, Emmett’s close cousin and the others. While there Emmet and his cousins would help Moses in the field. On August 24, the boys drove into town from the field and went in to Bryant’s Grocery to get candy and drinks. Emmett went in and purchased two cents worth of bubble gum and on the way out turned back to Carolyn Bryant, the wife of the owner of Bryant’s Grocery, and whistled to her. She was furious and ran out to chase the boys, so they got in the car and drove off to their uncle’s house. While driving home Emmett begged his cousins not to tell Moses of the events that occurred. After three days, the boys forgot about the whole scenario. On the fourth night, at about 2:30 am while everyone lay asleep in bed, Roy Bryant, Carolyn’s husband, and his brother J.W. Milam broke into the house. They went into the first room to find Moses sleeping and woke him, shinning a flashlight in his eye and holding a rifle to his head and asked where Emmett was. Moses pleads for them to leave the boy alone but they did not listen and went into Emmett’s room and kidnapped him. Days went by with no word, so as does most blacks when someone goes missing, they started to check around the Tallahassee River, to try to find his body. Days later, a young man fishing in the Tallahatchie reported Emmett’s body floating in the nearby weeds. When Moses went to identify the body, the only way he could verify that it was Emmett, was by his father’s ring that was on his finger. Both men were arrested and set to be tried in the Tallahatchie County Court in September of 1955 for the murder of Emmett Till. The friends of Roy Bryant and J.W. Milam as well as other white families collected money to buy every lawyer they could for the two. When it came to the trial the defenses main strategy was that the body could not be identified as Emmett Till. They claimed that Roy Bryant and J.W. Milam let him go alive. Any Black people that came forward with information for the prosecution mysteriously disappeared so most remained neutral to avoid having the same fate. The two men were acquitted and set free, Mamie Till sent to higher courts and even President Eisenhower, who all refused to investigate further. After the trail Roy Bryant and J.W. Milam sold their story about what they did to Look Magazine. They made Emmett carry a 75-pound cotton-gin fan to the bank of the Tallahatchie River and ordered him to take off his clothes. They beat him nearly to death, gouged out his eye, shot him in the head, and then threw his body in; with the cotton-gin fan tie around his neck with barbed wire, his body sank into the river. After the story was published and the government did nothing about it, Mamie Till and All African Americans in America, realized the magnitude of their predicament. They knew that their rights as humans were at risk. Thus, the murder of Emmett Till became renowned as the spark that began the Civil Rights Movement.

Richard Rodriguez- Aria: A Memoir of a Bilingual Childhood Essay

â€Å"Aria. † an extract from the memoir â€Å"Hunger of a Bilingual Childhood. † histories for the writer. Richard Rodriguez’s. childhood experience with larning English as a 2nd linguistic communication. Throughout his essay he represents the power of the person to get the better of the linguistic communication barrier and how he overcame this peculiar job as a kid. Bing lacerate between conforming to the â€Å"public† linguistic communication or remaining true to his â€Å"private† linguistic communication. he discusses subjects of familiarity and linguistic communication. Throughout his extract. he presents statements against the thought of bilingual instruction and it’s negative effects on ESL pupils. like himself. Born in a Mexican immigrant household and traveling to a metropolis in California. Sacramento. Rodriguez had already known from the start that he’s â€Å"different† from the remainder of the kids in the country. He was Hispanic. He felt the difference expressively at school and it was non merely because of his physical visual aspect. The difference of is what isolated him the most. They differed socially. He felt a gulf between Spanish. the linguistic communication he used at place which offered comfort. versus English. the linguistic communication used in the public universe which to him was foreign. Rodriguez felt the separation from his English-speaking schoolmates. as he struggled to get the hang this â€Å"public† linguistic communication and hopefully derive credence. Since its initiation yearss. U. S. had ever been a runing pot of diverse ethnicities. Welcoming fledglings while take a firm standing they learn and embrace its civic civilization. It was suggested that those who come here in America should go Americans. Upon come ining grade school. it was a monolithic civilization daze for Rodriguez. He was put in an ESL category expected to larn English. to talk English. and communicate in English. but of class in a â€Å"English as a Secondary language† puting. It was a ambitious passage. nevertheless. with pattern. Rodriguez began to slowly follow the English linguistic communication giving him and his household assurance and deriving a sense of individuality among his equals. However. every victory came at a monetary value. Rodriguez had ever considered Spanish an intimate linguistic communication he used amongst his household. The more English he spoke intend the less Spanish. Not long after. he felt that connexion easy and to him he associated that as a â€Å"departure† from his childhood. In Greek. way means â€Å"emotions† and for Aristotle. poignancy is an entreaty to those provinces of head that have an emotional constituent. Since it is a memoir. his emotions were vivid in every individual page. He begins by showing himself as a immature Hispanic male child. go toing an American school for the the first with really small cognition of English ( Rodriguez 163 ) . The reader’s inherent aptitude is to experience understanding for the immature male child drowned in strangeness in his new environment. a new group of people. a new manner of life. and a new linguistic communication. He quoted. â€Å"I heard her sound it out: Rich-heard Road-ree-guess ( Rodriguez 162 ) † . Readers can sympathise with relatable feelings of being immature and vulnerable. when first being faced with the existent universe. Besides. he remembered being outnumbered in his school by people of different cultural backgrounds. Again. readers’ natural inherent aptitude is to sympathise with anyone who might experience like the â€Å"underdog† or person who feels excluded and different. And in conclusion. another large illustration was when Rodriguez notices his mother’s face vanishing from the school on his first twenty-four hours. he said. â€Å"Quickly. I turned to see my mother’s face dissolve in a watery fuzz behind the pebbled-glass door ( Rodriguez 163 ) . Again. the readers as worlds are of course inclined to sympathise with a kid confronting a new and potentially baleful experience without the aid and counsel of it’s female parent. therefore it is a terrific experience. It is apparent that Rodriguez felt many negative emotions being a minority in a foreign topographic point. he felt fright. and under appreciated for who he was. For Aristotle. the ethos of a talker is persuasive when the address demonstrates practical wisdom. moral virtuousness. and goodwill towards the audience. On his first twenty-four hours of school. Rodriguez commented that although he felt nervous on his first twenty-four hours of school. he knows that the other kids besides felt nervous as good. he observed his schoolmates being â€Å"uneasy†¦finding themselves apart from their households ( Rodriguez 162 ) † . He hence showed his sense of equity and his deficiency of self-pity. which reflects on his low character. Another illustration. is when Rodriguez carefully explains the ends of bilingual instruction as those ends are understood by it’s advocate. He states. â€Å"Bilingual schooling is a plan popularized in the 1970ss. that decennary when middle-class â€Å"ethnics† began to defy the procedure of assimilation— the American thaw pot ( Rodriguez 172 ) . † Once more. he present himself as carnival minded and nonsubjective. Besides. while he was showing his resistance to bilingual linguistic communication his used of the word â€Å"force† in â€Å"I hear them and am forced to state no†¦ ( Rodriguez 180 ) † implies that his point is non fiddling. It is something he feels he need to voice to do other ESL pupils feel more comfy. His phrasing suggests that he feels theta he has no other ethical pick but to state war he genuinely and unfeignedly believes. This proves that he is true and unfeignedly to what he believes and is honorable and caring about the well being of other kids who feels â€Å"different† . Sons are explained as the â€Å"text of speech† by Aristotle. And in conclusion. Talking as an intelligent and educated grownup. Rodriguez introduces the subject of bilingual instruction. He shows that he knows when his thought was foremost proposed. by whom it was proposed. by whom it was foremost proposed to. and the grounds that led people to suggest it ( Rodriguez 172 ) . His deduction proves him to be good informed and trusty observer. Next. Rodriguez reports more of his ain household background. connoting that his resistance to bilingual instruction will be rooted in really practical grounds with which he is rather familiar. he states â€Å"Bilingualists insists that a pupil should be reminded of his difference from others in mass society. of his heritage ( Rodriguez 173 ) † . His resistance will non be irrational but will alternatively be the consequence of grounds he personally knows all excessively good. The point Rodriguez is doing in his essay through the usage of rhetorical entreaties is that turning up as an ESL scholar was hard. but it enabled him to set up a public individuality in his English-Speaking community. He felt he had the right and duty to larn English. Rodriguez does non hold with â€Å"Hispanic American activists† who support a bilingual instruction for ESL scholars. He feels that teaching the kids in Spanish instead than English might detain their ain entryway in the public universe of English-speaking society and ache them in a long tally. He strongly feels that school should be taught in standard English. the same manner how other pupils are taught. Alternatively of seeking to absorb the difference in societal civilization. schools and pedagogues should promote pupils to encompass their roots. while seeking to larn the English linguistic communication. ESL Students should non experience the demand to maintain their primary linguistic communication sole when in the adult-life holding a 2nd linguistic communication is a great advantage. The positive facets of the place of ESL scholars should decidedly be emphasized in a school scene.

Difference between Eastern and Western Philosophy Essay

The history of philosophy is full of dichotomies.   Concepts such as empiricism vs. rationalism, permanence vs. change, appearance vs. reality, monism vs. dualism, and the problem of the One vs. the Many, all have become part of the history of philosophy.   The same is true for Eastern and Western Philosophy.   While at certain points these two philosophies converge, the dichotomy between the two philosophies is not merely geographical but substantial as well. Eastern Philosophy is the philosophy found in the Asian continent which includes Indian Philosophy such as Hinduism, Chinese Philosophy such as Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism, Japanese Philosophy, such as Zen Buddhism and Iranian Philosophy such as Zoroastrianism.   On the other hand, Western Philosophy is the philosophy found in the Western countries which is classified according to era beginning with Greek Philosophy, Medieval Philosophy, Renaissance Philosophy and Modern Philosophy. Both philosophies also differ in their concept of Religion.   In Eastern Philosophy, their religion is integrated with their philosophy and is considered as their way of life.   For instance, Buddhism is not only a school of philosophic thought but is also a religion for Chinese.   On the other hand, in Western philosophy religion is either opposed or considered separate from their philosophy.   For instance, doing the right thing is a desired end not because of religion but because it is considered as the ultimate good for man. Both philosophies also differ in how they see the relationship between God and the physical universe.   Eastern philosophy considers God as one with the physical reality. (Tony Page 1)   For instance, Buddhism sees God as present everywhere and can be found in trees, soil, or even water.   On the other hand, God is either disavowed by atheist philosophers or considered distinct and separate from the universe.   Cited Works Page, Tony.   â€Å"God in Buddhism: Is there One?†Ã‚   Hollisticshop.co.uk.   2005.   January 2, 2009.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Government Higher Education Policies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Government Higher Education Policies - Essay Example It may entail acquisition of new skills and information or merely boost an understanding of already existing elements. Through education, a generation that breeds an alteration of society virtues is created and these develop the environment positively as they strive to achieve constant progress. These institutions further provide a platform involving social interaction measures as different cultural affiliations and individual behaviors cross (Hasley et. al., 1997, 14). The system limits discrimination as it involves assembling different ethnic affiliations with constantly environmental entities and technology. An educational government entity entails numerous models that constitute its functionality. It promotes individual intellectual development as they mature into adulthood faced with tough societal advancements. The system also works towards producing skilled individuals that are capable of propagating advancement in the technology to boost an impending economy. However, the edu cational policy entails a careful use of resources that need adequate provision especially by the government to instigate its advancement. There need to be sufficient resources availability to accommodate the entire population using the facility. It is the government duty to check on syllabus revision and provision of qualified professionals to help advance the learning process. A deficiency in any entity that supports the education policy negatively influences general institutional and individual improvement. There have been numerous policy changes in the UK educational system to advance the performance in the Higher Education institution. Government Higher Education Policies There have existed numerous reforms in the British education system over the years to accommodate better learning environments. These reforms have been targeted to solve impending constraints on the educational system. There have emerged problems in the standards of school performance with low school attendanc e leading to poor skills in the overall working population. These problems have developed to present discrepancy in higher education system where most individuals are lowly motivated to boost their overall performance. In 1980s, an experienced slow growth in educational progress among individuals especially below 16years led to the ranking of the country among poor performers. This system saw a conservative policy implementation where the government, involved parents in policymaking and articulated their financial status from number enrolled (Hill, 2001, 3). This system further promoted a public revealing of student’s result that enabled parents compare results and performance of different schools. The government sought to these systems to improve the results and general individual performance. The government of the 1980s had been conservative and exposed the inequalities in the system that existed among several schools. Secondly, there existed a problem in poor depiction of working skills especially among the younger working individuals in the UK market. The government sought to solve this problem through introducing a curriculum that applied uniformly across individuals especially in their early learning ages. This policy to maintain equal curriculum implementation was further improved in the 1990s. This saw an introduction of a system that encourages teachers especially in

Breastfeeding in Public or in Uniform Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Breastfeeding in Public or in Uniform - Essay Example However, this is difficult for military mothers to follow because of the strict conditions their job entails. The military must hold to a certain standard, which is acceptable, but denying the basic human feed to breastfeed goes against all understanding and compassion. Women in uniform should be allowed to breastfeed because almost every other occupation affords a mother the right to breastfeed. Breastfeeding is thought of as impolite by a large percentage of the population because it goes against common decency. Because of this, a certain stigma has been attached to mothers who breastfeed in public. Some mothers choose other means to feed their baby, and that is all well and good, but shouldn’t women have the right to choose whether to breastfeed or not? Military mothers should be treated no differently from breastfeeding women of any other occupation; actually, they should be given more rights because of the important job that they are doing. Allowing military women to breastfeed, where appropriate, would help them to feel safe in their job because they would know that their baby would be looked after and cared for. We now live in the 21st century, so there is no excuse for being kept back in the dark ages. In fact, it was in the 1990s that activism regarding breastfeeding led to women becoming aware of their rights to be able to breastfeed in public, and a number of laws were passed that protected this right (Terry). Why should breastfeeding military mothers be treated any differently? Military women should not be able to breastfeed because it would take away from the important jobs that they are involved in. The military is no place for a baby due to the high demands and pressure that is placed on almost everyone involved, and adding a baby to that mix would only worsen the situation. Also, the military is

Role of primary care physicians in obesity prevention and management Essay

Role of primary care physicians in obesity prevention and management in the U.S - Essay Example The principal research objective is to examine the gaps that exist in primary care particularly in managing obesity. Further, the research seeks to identify barriers that impede physicians from helping obese patients manage their weight. The research is, therefore, projected to pave way for better comprehension of healthcare delivery system from a weight and related ailments management perspective. Given the fact that scientific knowledge in regard to this healthcare service delivery system is not extensive, the proposed study will draw together extant information and present research based recommendations on how primary care physicians can contribute more to obesity management. Given primary care physicians’ direct connection to obese patients and their health information, they are best placed to aid in weight management and avoidance of obesity comorbidities, as long as, they effectively overcome prevailing impediments. Grant et al.’s study focuses on the roles entrus ted to bariatric physicians or medical practitioners who specialize in weight management. This study is instrumental to the research, since it provides insight into aspects in which primary physicians can be trained to make them proficient in obesity management. Sebiany’s research article provides important insight into the responsibilities expected of primary physicians in effective management of obesity, as well as, perceived obstacles to this efficacy. The journal article will be invaluable in development of the principal argument of the paper.

Gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke and John Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke and John - Essay Example Matthew, Mark and Luke are the Synoptic Gospels because they are written very much alike, while John seems to stand back and view the same events in a different perspective. The overall major theme found in these first Gospels is the teaching of the way in which humans are to live as instructed by God through Jesus Christ. He was not just here to give an example of how to act, but to teach those who would listen and believe the truth and the way to salvation. He taught that through faith one could have salvation and through deed one would be following God's instructions on life. Even in persecution and death Jesus remained faithful and forever the teacher, telling the disciples to go to the ends of the world and teach what He taught them. This discussion will enlighten the basic concepts, parables and points of view in relation to Jesus and His word. According to Matthew, Jesus visited Bethany prior to being arrested in Gethsemane. It was during this time in Bethany that the disciples were told by Jesus that He would soon be leaving their presence, and that they needed to prepare to take God's word and spread it across the land (Koester 1995). Jesus knew at this time as well that the chief priests were preparing and planning for the most opportune time to arrest Jesus without causing a riot among His believers. While the time is a little off between the Gospels the important difference of this part of the story is the kiss from Judas. In Matthew it mentions that Judas greets Jesus with a kiss that is also the mark of his betrayal. The other Gospels mention the kiss, but have no mention of the initial greeting between Jesus and Judas. Some scholars speculate that Matthew retained more of his Jew background than the other disciples which will explain his mentioning and using Jew traditions as ways to tell the story. However others believe that the greeting before the kiss is just a function of literature that makes the event more believable to the followers of Jesus. During the last supper Jesus tells the disciples one of them would deny him three times, and another would betray him. Even at this point Judas knew Jesus was talking about him. He had already received the 30 silver pieces and was just waiting for the right time to take the soldiers to Jesus. Jesus told Judas to "do what you have to do." The time came at within days at the garden of Gethsemane. This betrayal of disciple and Jesus reinforces the message that Judas was fulfilling the Scriptures by betraying Jesus. Matthew's insistence that Jesus continued to adhere to many traditional forms of Jewish piety, and that he advanced the true interpretation of the Law of Moses, suggest that the author himself and some, perhaps most, of his audience were Jewish. After being arrested, Jesus is taken to see Pontus Pilate. Each of the books talks about the questioning at this time. The main difference is that fact that Matthew conveys that Pontus Pilate puts Jesus under oath of the "living God" and then asks Him if He is the Messiah. This line of questioning follows suit because at the time some Jewish and Christian groups thought Jesus was a human rabbinic teacher whom God had made into a great prophet (McGuckin 2004). According to Ehrman, the community in which Mark lived would have been the first people to have heard the word of God through Mark. He or someone in the temple would have read it to

Contemporary Issues in Business (Individual Report) Essay - 1

Contemporary Issues in Business (Individual Report) - Essay Example Greenhouse emissions are currently projected to increase significantly within the next few decades which will cause an increase in global temperatures and subsequently put to great risk the human society and natural environment worldwide (Pedersen and Nordic Council of Ministers 2000). The temperature on the surface of the earth is largely determined by the balance between the energy that is constantly re-radiated to space from the earth mostly in the form of infra-red radiation and the energy that comes from the sun which is seen to be in the form of visible radiation (sunlight). When the sunlight passes through the earth’s atmosphere, it has relatively very little warming effect but when it finally manages to come into contact with the earth’s surface, it warms it and the earth in turn warms the atmosphere by both convection and via emission of infra-red radiation which are absorbed by the greenhouse gases (R.I.C. Publications 2007). The greenhouse gases eventually return some of the infra-red radiation back to the earth’s surface which ends up further warming the earth’s surface. An analogy of this chain of events is often made with reference to greenhouses which generally allow sunshine to pass through their clear plastic or glass which in turns stop the heat that is inside the green house from escaping into the atmosphere and hence the use of the term â€Å"greenhouse effect† (R.I.C. Publications 2007). Fossil fuels are formed when the bodies of living organisms die and remain compressed and heated over extremely long periods of time to form natural gases, oil and coal. When burned, fossil fuels are seen to produce significant amounts of energy a factor which causes them to be considered as an extremely valuable energy source. However, the burning of these fossil fuels produces the emission of carbon dioxide, resulting in the introduction into the carbon cycle of carbon that would have otherwise still remained trapped

Learning theories Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Learning theories - Research Paper Example Teachers are regularly struck with suggestions for reforms. They are often asked to use different curricula, new assessment and novel teaching strategies. They are constantly been directed to prepare learners for new standardized test or to assess learner’s work by way of conducting portfolios and performance assessments. They are often advised to practice research based approaches to teach learners in order to enhance their performances (Wilson & Peterson, 2006). Traditionally, learning was perceived as just acquisition of skills and knowledge whereas currently, the concept has been viewed to include emotional as well as social and various societal dimensions. Additionally, learning theories attempts to describe and understand the various ways in which the people learn. Very often, the theories are considered to be the important resource of the educational research as they have the potential to guide in constructing new educational approaches and analyzing along with improvin g the existing approaches and trends (Navarro & Hoek, n.d.). With this concern, the paper intends to critically explore three learning theories of Malcolm Knowles’s learning theory of andragogy, transformative learning theory of Jack Mezirow and experiential learning theory belonging to D. A. Kolb. Brief Explanation of Theories Malcolm Shepherd Knowles and the Theory of Andragogy Malcolm shepherd Knowles is often been considered as the fundamental figure in the segment of adult education particularly in the region of United States during the middle of twentieth century. During the year 1950, he was assigned with the responsibility of Executive Director of the Adult Education Association of the US. The first work of Knowles was termed as informal adult education. Later, he developed a unique theoretical basis for adult education and learning through highlighting upon the notion of andragogy. This work of his was greatly appreciated in the US. Furthermore, his work was consider ed to be the crucial factor that has contributed in changing the views of adult teachers from ‘educating people’ to ‘helping them learn’. Knowles was able to convince that learning practices of adults are different from those of children. He was engaged in building inclusive theory concerning with adult learning that was closely related with the features of adult learners. Earlier work of Knowles concerning ‘informal adult education’ had postulated certain basic elements of process as well as settings. Later, he intended to combine all the elements in order to propose new conceptual basis for improving the adult learning practices. The mechanism or the learning theory that postulated by him was termed as andragogy. According to Knowles, the theory concerning andragogy was primarily based upon four pioneer assumptions that were based upon the characteristics of adult learners. These assumptions were related with the adult learners that are quite dissimilar from the assumptions that dealt with the children learners (Mark K. Smith, 2002). Later, a fifth assumption was added to the theory. Thus, the five basic assumptions relating to andragogy theory that developed by Knowles have been portrayed hereunder. Self-Concept According to Knowles, the maturity that occurs in an individual with the passage of times lead towards self-concept moves wherein an individual tends to become more self-directed person from being a reliant personality (Mark K. Smith, 2002). Experience Similarly, Knowles admitted that as an individual becomes

Christianity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Christianity - Essay Example The roots of the Christian faith are related to Old Testament Judaism. As far as according to the Scriptures Jesus was circumcised and raised as a Jew, he hallowed the Torah and all the required holytide, and visited synagogue on the Sabbath (Saturday). The apostles and other early followers of Jesus were Jews as well. In just three and a half years after the crucifixion of Christ Christianity began to spread among the nations. Christianity as a religion has three main churches which are the most major stakeholders of the world religion. The split of Christian Church, which took place in the period between sixties of IX century and fifties of XI century, led to the creation of two different churches: Orthodox and Catholic. Another newer movement of Christian religion appeared in the middle of XVI century in Europe and was called Protestantism. The three churches have the same faith direction, although certain crucial nuances their doctrines are based on are different. Christianity in general is based on the Old Testament, dating back to Abraham; the tradition of the religion honors one God (monotheism) who is considered to be the creator of the universe and mankind. However, the main brunches of Christianity also accept the idea of monotheism Trinity which means the three incarnations of God who are united by their divine nature; they are God the Father, God the Son, and God the Holy Spirit (Daggers 962). Orthodox Church is the eastern branch of Christianity, which is mostly widespread within Easter Europe and less in Australia and Canada. The basis of the Orthodox doctrine is constituted by the holy Bible and the Holy Tradition which is the materials of the ecumenical councils, the writings of the Church Fathers, and liturgical practice. The roots of the doctrine come from the recognition of the triune God, the creator and ruler of the universe, the underworld, the

Are Colleges Worth the Price of Admissions Essay Example for Free

Are Colleges Worth the Price of Admissions Essay Are colleges giving students a good value for their investment? What are individuals gaining from higher education? (179) These are some of the questions that authors Andrew Hacker and Claudia Dreifus, college professors, posed in an excerpt from their book, Higher Education? How Colleges Are Wasting Our Money and Failing Our Kids-and What We Can Do About It. Unfortunately, their findings are grim. They feel that colleges have lost track of their basic mission to challenge the minds of young people. The authors make nine proposals that colleges may want to consider, beginning corrective action on delivering a better valued education. The proposal , make students use their minds, resonated with me the most. Hacker and Dreifus felt that students should become more thoughtful and interesting people while attending college. They go on to outline in this proposal that colleges should persuade students to choose impractical studies as a way to receive a better return on their investment. That Liberal Arts programs produce more thoughtful and interesting people is a point well taken; but that it equates education with better value has not been substantiated. The value of anything is solely determined by the recipient. Redirecting students away from, and downgrading Vocational Programs does not ensure a good education. Most students would agree that the reason they are attending college is to prepare for a career. The statistic Hacker and Dreifus cite, that 64 percent of undergraduates are enrolled in vocational majors (180), supports this reasoning. It is without question that impractical studies will challenge the mind, and foster creativity in students. However, to charge colleges with the mission to persuade students that the path to a valuable education is through impractical studies is presumptuous when it comes to value. Vocational studies do have value and should be treated with the same respect as Liberal studies. If the authors’ research had gone beyond assumption and interviewed recent graduates of the two programs in  question and then presented those results, more stock could be taken in swaying students towards impractical studies. By the time students have reached the end of their undergraduate studies, they know that repaying the accumulated debt is priority. Aligning ones studies, whether impractical or vocational, with a career would result in a favorable disposition regarding value of the education one has received. This value motivates students to go in the first place. Hacker and Dreifus say that students should become more thoughtful and interesting people while at college (180). For most, these two traits are innate. Only requiring development by parents during primary stages of life. The quest to become an interesting person is not learned in the classroom. If ones primary goal in college is to become more interesting, they are wasting their money. Hacker and Dreifus ask what should happen to students at college. Simple, they should be gaining knowledge to help them become self-supported adults, productive members of society. According to Hacker and Dreifus, the undergraduate years are an interlude that will never come again (180). However, there is not an optimal time to attain a college education. The best education is received by the person who wants it; age is irrelevant. While Hacker and Dreifus claim that the offspring of professional parents are the only ones seizing the opportunity of a valuable education, blue collar workers and the working poor will repudiate the idea that they are not rearing college bound students ready to answer the call of higher education. There are many examples where the children of non-professional parents have succeeded in college. Being classified as poor or lower class is the very element that propels them to college to do better than their own parents. The upshot of all this is that the value of a college education is truly determined by the person who has acquired it, not by the amount of debts incurred to attain it, nor by what they chose to study.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Vegetarians Essay Example for Free

Advantages and Disadvantages of Vegetarians Essay One advantage that cannot be disputed is that vegetarian’s conscience can be at peace in the sense that he does not cause the death of animals grown for meat and fat such as rabbits, poultry or pigs. This idea alone persuades many people, especially women to start embracing vegetarianism as their way of life. Another undisputable advantage of vegetarianism is that long-term vegetarians are rarely overweight thus people can make losing weight easier by becoming vegetarians. Of course, they will still need to compose their diet very carefully since many of the high-calorie (with low nutritional value) foods contain no meat at all. Actually, meat is not high on calories unless it is a fatty meat. Less clear and more arguable is the claim that vegetarianism is healthier and better for one’s longevity. All advocates of vegetarianism play this card and support their claims with many arguments. The basic idea is that our body can get everything it needs from plants or animal by-products such as eggs or milk. Of course, there are extreme groups who refuse to eat animal by-products, but I’ll stick with the less extreme idea. Anyway, this is true, at least as long as you eat fish – some people who consider themselves vegetarians eat fish, some don’t. Anyway, no one can say with absolute certainty (you can believe it, but cannot prove it indisputably) that avoiding all meat is beneficial for human body. However, it is certain that limiting certain types of meat is good for us. And vegetarians benefit from avoiding those kinds of meat (after all they do not eat any meat).

Materialist View of the Mind-body Problem Analysis

Materialist View of the Mind-body Problem Analysis Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the materialist view of the mind-body problem. The mind-body problem within the study of consciousness is exactly as it sounds – the difficulty with connecting the mind with the body. The mind is about mental processes, consciousness and thoughts, and the body is about the physical aspect of the brain (McLeod, 2007). This problem is known as the explanatory gap and there are many theories which attempt to understand the extent of this gap. One theory which is very popular amongst current researchers is materialism. This approach is the idea that consciousness can be completely explained by physical matter and leaves no room for the ‘non-physical’ mind (Blackmore, 2010). Materialists believe that it is only our brain functions that are important and not our subjective experiences, otherwise described as ‘matter over mind’. The opposing approach to materialism is dualism, which is the idea that our mind is more than just our brain, a.k.a. ‘mind over matter’ (â€Å"Dualism,† 2014) . However, there are very few dualists today. Most philosophers nowadays are materialists, although it cannot be denied that materialism is also not without its flaws (Blackmore, 2010). There are two main versions of materialism. One is eliminative materialism which proposes that subjective experiences do not exist and that by knowing enough about biology and the nervous system, we can also understand consciousness and therefore, it can be completely explained by neuroscience (Blackmore, 2010). The other version is reductive materialism which suggests that our mental states are identical to our physical states of the brain, meaning that subjective experiences do exist but they are not distinguishable from physical processes in the brain (Churchland, 1988). Materialism denies that it is our conscious decisions that cause us to act the way we do and instead believes that it is physical causes (Blackmore, 2010). There are strengths and weaknesses of materialism. Searle (2000) believes it is very outdated and does not explain what consciousness is, but neither does dualism and by rejecting one, it does not mean adopting the other. One strength of materialism is that it avoids the problem of dualism which is that consciousness and physical matter are thought of as two separate substances, meaning that the interaction between them cannot be explained. Materialists argue that if our minds are the same as our brains and not two separate substances, then there is no need to explain how one causes the other. For dualism to be correct, the interaction between the two substances would have to work both ways, meaning that any change in consciousness must be accompanied by a change in the brain, and any change in the brain must also be accompanied by a change in consciousness. However, the latter is not true which suggests that dualism does not work (Blackmore, 2010). Materialists believe that consciousness is identical to brain states. However, according to Leibniz’s law, if two entities are to be identical, they must have the same properties (Blackman, 2008). For materialism to be correct, all properties of the brain would also have to be properties of consciousness, which is not true as mental states have properties that brain states do not, such as subjective experiences. Materialism believes that our subjective experiences cannot be studied in an objective way as they are not a physical entity and non-entities cannot be studied by science (Blackman, 2008). However, Searle (2000) argues that they can. He believes that by asking people about their subjective experiences, for example, how it feels to experience pain, that we can study this objectively. One weakness of materialism is that it ignores the aspect of how it feels to be conscious by denying that subjective experiences exist or that they are not distinctive from functions in the brain (Blackmore, 2010). Patterns of brain activation cannot explain how it feels to be conscious and aware of experiences. Miller et al. (2009) demonstrated how we cannot tell what someone is experiencing by looking at images of their brain activation. This was shown by strong individual differences in patterns of brain activation amongst participants while they were all doing the same memory task. Materialists believe that by doing the same memory task, all participants are experiencing the same thing and therefore the patterns of their brain activation should all be the same. However, as this is not the case, it provides evidence that eliminative materialism does not work and that subjective experiences do exist as participants must have had different experiences from one another even though they were doing the same task. This also suggests that reductive materialism cannot work as the variation within participants shows that our subjective experiences must not be identical to our brain states. Nagel (1974) explains how subjective experiences are such a crucial aspect of being conscious by comparing humans to bats. We could never know what it would really be like to be a bat because we could never share the same subjective experiences as them. Even if we were magically transformed into a bat, we would still have our own memories and intelligence, meaning we would not have the same experience that normal bats do (Blackmore, 2010). He makes the point that in order to even begin to form an idea of what it is like to be a bat (or even another person) we must adopt their point of view. The same applies to Searle’s argument about pain – it seems impossible that anyone would ever be able to have the same experience of someone else’s mental state as their perceptions of the same experience could be entirely different (Churchland, 1988). This stresses how important subjective experiences are as we all have our own different viewpoints meaning that we experience things differently and therefore these experiences cannot be understood from looking at a brain scan. This also suggests why materialism is not the answer to the mind-body problem. However, it also argues against Searle’s theory that subjective experiences can be studied objectively as, even after asking about them, we still do not know exactly what it is like to experience it ourselves. Materialisms main strength is that it proposes that consciousness is not different from the brain, meaning that how one causes the other does not have to be explained and therefore, eliminates the problem of the explanatory gap. However, this can also be viewed as a major weakness of the theory the two cannot be identical as our mental states have properties that our brain states do not share. Materialism does not sufficiently account for the role of our subjective experiences in consciousness. It either completely eliminates their role or it claims that they are simply the same as our physical brain states. References All About Philosophy. (2014). Dualism. Retrieved from http://www.allaboutphilosophy.org/dualism.htm Blackman, R. (2008). Churchland, Matter and Consciousness. Retrieved from: http://reidblackman.com/pdf/reidBlackman.churchland.pdf Blackmore, S. (2010). Consciousness: An introduction. 2nd edition. Routledge. Churchland, P, M. (1988). Matter and Consciousness. Revised edition. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. McLeod, S. A. (2007). Mind Body Debate. Retrieved from http://www.simplypsychology.org/mindbodydebate.html Miller, M.B., Donovan, C. L., Sokol-Hessner, P., German, E., Van Horn, J.D., Wolford, G.L. (2009). Unique and persistent individual patterns of brain activity across different memory retrieval tasks. NeuroImage, 48, 625-635. Nagel, T. (1974). What is it like to be a bat? The Philosophical Review, 83(4), 435-450. Searle, J. (2000). Consciousness. Annual Reviews of Neuroscience, 23, 557 – 578.

Essay --

James and Descartes William James and Rene Descartes are both philosophers who created methods on how to find the truth in life. James created the pragmatic method and Descartes used reason. I think that these two methods are somewhat dissimilar for several reasons. The first reason, is because Descartes used his method to find proof in himself and urged others to use it to find truth in themselves as well whereas William James used the pragmatic method to help find the truth in two sides of an argument. In James’ first essay, he tries to explain what pragmatism is with a story about a camping trip he took with a few of his friends. The friends began to argue about whether a man and a squirrel pass each other while going around a tree but do not see one another. Pragmatism seems to be a little confusing at first. I had to reread the argument about the squirrel and the human a couple of times to understand what the argument was about. I personally agreed with the group who said the man did not go around the squirrel simply because physically, he did not pass the animal while going around the tree. When James explained what the pragmatic method was, I interpreted it as basically trying to find correctness in both arguments depending on how you’re looking at it. Descartes’ method is ultimately about finding the truth within yourself. He says that there are two types of people that would not benefit from his method: those who think they know more than they do and who lack the patience for such careful work, and those who are modest enough to think that they are more capable of finding out the truth if they follow a teacher. Descartes also creates a three to four maxim moral code to guide his behavior while he experiences his period... ...uire that â€Å"vital good†, if religion is true. I think that this is why I can’t fully agree with Descartes philosophy because I’m not a religious person. The majority of the time, I need physical evidence to believe in something. I don’t really feed into the â€Å"I think, therefore I am† philosophy because I wouldn’t want my religion/ my beliefs to be everything that I am. I do consider that humans have free will and are more than able to find the truth in something, but only if they are looking for it and doing anything whatsoever that is required to get the result you want, regardless of the methods used. It does not matter whether these methods are legal or illegal, fair or foul, kind or cruel, truth or lies, democratic or dictatorial, good or evil; we see this on an everyday basis in people’s actions which coincides with James’ statement â€Å"the end justifies the means†.

The Oedipus Complex in Literature Essay -- Oedipus Complex

According to Merriam-Webster online dictionary, the Oedipus Complex is a child’s positive libidinal feelings toward the parent of the opposite sex and hostile or jealous feelings toward the parent of the same sex that develop usually between the ages of three and six and that may be a source of adult personality disorder when unresolved (Merriam-Webster). In Sons and Lovers, Paul Morel demonstrates the classic symptoms of the Oedipus complex. Paul and his father’s relationship is destroyed early in his life. His father was not around to be a role model; and, as a result, Paul developed a strong love for his mother. Once he was old enough to develop true feelings for other women, his mother’s opinion often got in the way. She did not approve of any of his significant others, and Paul had to turn them away. This display of the Oedipus complex is easily recognizable throughout the novel. Sons that have sexual thoughts towards their mother and show ha tred toward their father demonstrate characteristics of suffering from the unresolved suppression of the Oedipus complex. The Oedipus complex is not only displayed by D.H. Lawrence but in other forms of literature as well. In â€Å"My Oedipus Complex† and â€Å"The Judgment† two boys are confronted with issues dealing with their fathers. To Women, As Far As I’m Concerned and Piano, both written by D.H. Lawrence, are poems that also deal with the Oedipus complex. The poem, To Women, As Far As I’m Concerned, deals with feelings towards women as a whole and intrigues the reader by providing a new approach to feelings. Piano, on the other hand, demonstrates how a child can reminisce on his childhood and wish for the childish and personal relationship he had with his mother back. The ... ...overs: A Psychoanalytic Criticism.† Literary Articles n. pag. Web 6 Apr 2011. â€Å"D.H. Lawrence And The Relationships In ‘Sons and Lovers’.† Essortment n. pag. Web. 6 Apr 2011. Junjie, Hu. â€Å"Analysis of Paul’s Oedipus complex in Sons and Lovers.† (2007): n. pag. Web. 6 Apr 2011. Kafka, Franz. "The Judgement." N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Apr 2011. Lawrence, D.H. Piano. 1918. Print. Lawrence, D.H. Sons and Lovers. New York, New York: New American Library, 1953. Print. Lawrence, D.H. To Women, As Far As I'm Concerned . 1909. Print. O'Connor, Frank. "My Oedipus Complex." Short Story Classics. N.p., 11 FEB 2009. Web. 18 Apr 2011. "Oedipus complex." Merriam-Webster n. pag. Web. 18 May 2011. http://www.merriam-webster.com/ "Sons and Lovers." Novel Guide (2003): n. pag. Web. 18 May 2011. Worthen , John. "Biography." University of Nottingham(2005): n. pag. Web. 16 Mar 2011. The Oedipus Complex in Literature Essay -- Oedipus Complex According to Merriam-Webster online dictionary, the Oedipus Complex is a child’s positive libidinal feelings toward the parent of the opposite sex and hostile or jealous feelings toward the parent of the same sex that develop usually between the ages of three and six and that may be a source of adult personality disorder when unresolved (Merriam-Webster). In Sons and Lovers, Paul Morel demonstrates the classic symptoms of the Oedipus complex. Paul and his father’s relationship is destroyed early in his life. His father was not around to be a role model; and, as a result, Paul developed a strong love for his mother. Once he was old enough to develop true feelings for other women, his mother’s opinion often got in the way. She did not approve of any of his significant others, and Paul had to turn them away. This display of the Oedipus complex is easily recognizable throughout the novel. Sons that have sexual thoughts towards their mother and show ha tred toward their father demonstrate characteristics of suffering from the unresolved suppression of the Oedipus complex. The Oedipus complex is not only displayed by D.H. Lawrence but in other forms of literature as well. In â€Å"My Oedipus Complex† and â€Å"The Judgment† two boys are confronted with issues dealing with their fathers. To Women, As Far As I’m Concerned and Piano, both written by D.H. Lawrence, are poems that also deal with the Oedipus complex. The poem, To Women, As Far As I’m Concerned, deals with feelings towards women as a whole and intrigues the reader by providing a new approach to feelings. Piano, on the other hand, demonstrates how a child can reminisce on his childhood and wish for the childish and personal relationship he had with his mother back. The ... ...overs: A Psychoanalytic Criticism.† Literary Articles n. pag. Web 6 Apr 2011. â€Å"D.H. Lawrence And The Relationships In ‘Sons and Lovers’.† Essortment n. pag. Web. 6 Apr 2011. Junjie, Hu. â€Å"Analysis of Paul’s Oedipus complex in Sons and Lovers.† (2007): n. pag. Web. 6 Apr 2011. Kafka, Franz. "The Judgement." N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Apr 2011. Lawrence, D.H. Piano. 1918. Print. Lawrence, D.H. Sons and Lovers. New York, New York: New American Library, 1953. Print. Lawrence, D.H. To Women, As Far As I'm Concerned . 1909. Print. O'Connor, Frank. "My Oedipus Complex." Short Story Classics. N.p., 11 FEB 2009. Web. 18 Apr 2011. "Oedipus complex." Merriam-Webster n. pag. Web. 18 May 2011. http://www.merriam-webster.com/ "Sons and Lovers." Novel Guide (2003): n. pag. Web. 18 May 2011. Worthen , John. "Biography." University of Nottingham(2005): n. pag. Web. 16 Mar 2011.

Article About Email Privacy :: essays research papers

TO:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Justin Bridges, division manager SUBJECT:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  SUMMARY ON E-MAIL AT WORK I am writing this summary in response to your request. I am using an article titled â€Å"Caught up in the communication loop should email at work be curbed or nurtured† by Hilary Freeman. Major Points The author Hilary Freeman discusses how email at work can interfere with our jobs but this new form of communication can be a good thing.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Job communication. Stephen Roberts a freelance copywriter says, â€Å"I was working the offices of a large television company. Nobody spoke to each other- virtually all information was communicated by email.† There were times when he would tell his boss he had finished a project and his boss would tell him to send an email and wait for instructions.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Communication replacement. Psychologist Guy Fielding does not think that email is replacing other forms of communication. Guy doesn’t think the telephone will be used less because you will still use the telephone when talking to people you know and when you want to set up an interview face-to-face. Guy also thinks that when a new type of communication comes out it is overused at first. He says that the email jokes will eventually stop and just important information will be received through email.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Email is a tool. A psychologist at the Open University named Adam Joinson says that email has many benefits. â€Å"It’s a great tool for brainstorming, decision making and getting diverse groups in organizations- such as marketing and accounts- to talk to each other.† With email you can think about a response to a question and not have to worry about silence when you’re face-to-face. It is also nice when you have a message to deliver to a lot of people, this way you will be sure not to forget anyone. Adam thinks that when people can’t see each other then they tend to disclose more information. When using email we can concentrate on the message and not the way we present it. Strengths and Weaknesses I think the strength of this article is on how well it supports the ideas of using email as a good source for sending messages in the workplace.

Most striking thing about the poem Kubla Khan Essay

What do you find most striking about the poem Kubla Khan?†Works of imagination should be written in very plain language; the more purely imaginative they are the more necessary it is to be plain.† – Samuel Taylor Coleridge. In this essay I am going to discuss one of the most famous and very striking poem Kubla Khan which was written by Coleridge. The poem is about the nature of creativity. Coleridge describes the dome of pleasure which he sees in his dream while he is opium- induced. While he was sick, doctor prescribed a drug that made him drowsy. He could remember only couple of images, which he later developed into a beautiful poem. During his sleep knocking on the door interrupted him, and he could never recapture the dream because he lost the inspiration. This poem is considered to be a fragment but it seems that Kubla Khan is carefully worked using illusions from the works Coleridge was reading at the time. Kubla Khan has slow plodding metre, which is achieved using iambic tetrameter that consists of 8 syllables. This is where the musicality comes from. The poet uses this in order that we could imagine more clearly the pleasure dome in the dream like surrounding. Each stanza differs a little bit in rhyme scheme. First stanza is written in iambic tetrameter with a rhyme scheme of ABAABCCDEDE, whereas second stanza follows the rhyming pattern, which is expanded ABAABCCDDFFGGHIIHJJ. The third stanza has shorter rhyme scheme of ABABCC. The fourth stanza continues the tetrameter of the third stanza and rhymes ABCCBDEDEFGFFFGHHG. This kind of rhyme scheme represents the flow of river ‘Alph’ which symbolises Colereidges imagination. The poem Kubla Khan starts with first five lines that sound like chant. The quote: caverns measureless to man suggest that the place is very supernatural and mysterious. In this line Coleridge tells us that imagination has no restrictions. Coleridge describes not only mental part of the creativity but also physical one: And there were gardens brights with sinious rills, /Where blossomed many an incense-bearing tree . These two lines show us that senses such as smell are awakened by the imagination.  Coleridge also uses colours to give increased impact: Down the green hill athwart a cendarn cover!, these lines help us see very strikingly vivid image. However the peacefulness changes in the second stanza, which creates an atmosphere of good versus evil. In the first stanza Coleridge describes, pleasure dome in Xanadu, where we see more positive vocabulary gardens brightspots of greenery, whereas second stanza contain more dark vocabulary A savage placemoon was haunteddemon lover. Coleridge uses images of paradise in the second stanza, which is considered to be more evil. An example of this is the demon lover that has bewitched the woman. The second stanza tends to be more magical than the first one: use of words holy and enchanted associates with dome being haunted by mystical powers. When Coleridge describes the women wailing using onomatopoeia, it awakens the sense of hearing, making the process more physical. As the poem progresses so does the amount of intensity and activity. And from this chasm, with ceaseless turmoil seething,/As if this earth in fast thick pants were breathing,/A mighty fountain momently was forced:. The level of excitement increases dramatically, by involving more and more emotions such as confusion and anger. Coleridge introduces personification when describing earth which tell us that not only the poet is affected by intensity but also elements around him. When poem reaches climax which in this poem appears to be fountain, Coleridge spills all of his feeling and thoughts to the surface. To make the image more clear the climax is prolonged: Huge fragments vaulted like rebounding hail,/Or chaffy grain beneath the thresher s flail:And mid these dancing rocks at once and ever/ It flung up momently the sacred river. Coleridge explains how the imagination made rock, fragments and grain active. Huge boulders being moved by a river seems to be very light or even weightless . This makes us to be aware that the imagination of poet is uncontrollable. When the poem is saturated with climax, the excitement and enthusiasm decreases. Five miles meandering with a mazy motion/Through wood and dale the sacred river ran,/Then reached the caverns measureless to man,/And sank  in tumult to a lifeless ocean: The tempo decreases, and the mood changes as-well. Coleridge carefully chooses words: meandering, mazy and sank that makes the rhythm slower losing its life and recreation. This happens because before and during climax poet got very tired because his imagination was physically and mentally demanding. Therefore, the second part of the poem represents exhausted behavior of Coleridge. The clause: prophesying war shows the negative side of the poem, where pleasure dome may be affected by war. Coleridge again describes the pleasure dome but in negative way: A sunny pleasure dome with caves of ice connoting that its magicality is tarnished and no-one can see and feel that place like him. The fourth stanza is dream like but very inspiring describing heavenly maid sitar – dulcimer playing damsel about Mount Abora, the mountain of Gods. The damsel acts like a muse for Coleridge: Could I revive with me/ Her symphony and song,/ To such delight t would win me. Poet cannot pass even the most inspiring image to us the way he could feel himself so he tries to explain how he felt about it saying: I would build that dome in air,/ That sunny dome! Those caves of ice!. Even the caves have been negative aspect of the poem, Coleridge still tries to make us undergo the same experience even if it is negative. The last part of the poem is very magnificent and awe inspiring. The poem end with poets predication of destiny: All shouldholy dread. Coleridge thinks that his powerful imagination may be not understood and fully appreciated. The last few lines are very pleasant and nice: For he on..paradise. Romantics in the past were viewed as very peculiar human being because they could get in touch with their emotions very closely. Kubla Khan describes process of creativity which Coleridge inspires though his imagination. The process is very powerful mentally and physically. Poet uses very clever techniques such onomatopoeia, metaphors, alliteration to emphasize the process of creativity. The first stanza is and introduction to whole vision of Coleridge and second one develops into mysterious atmosphere reaching climax. The third and fourth stanza slows down in tempo but has some very inspiring imagery, which Coleridge finds hard to pass to us. The  whole poem may be considered as a metaphor because poem contains many wild and supernatural dream like images that we may not be able to comprehend in real life. Biography http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/stc/Coleridge/poems/Kubla_Khan.html

1984 vs. Animal Farm Essay

In both novels Nineteen Eighty-Four and Animal Farm there are many similarities. Three main topics, which will be discussed in this essay, are: control, isolation, and rebellion. The governing powers in each society of the two novels use control and isolation as tools for suppressing rebellion to ensure their reign of the social authority for future years to come. In Nineteen Eighty-Four, the government, also known as â€Å"the Party†, controls the society Winston lives in. This takes place near the eastern side of the world and it is separated into three areas: Eurasia, Eastasia and Oceania. These three lands are constantly at war with each other and are controlled by different governors. Winston lives in Oceania and the Party’s leader is someone named â€Å"Big Brother†. No one has ever seen this person before, but is said to exist. The Party abolishes every type of art including the art of having free will. These abilities were destroyed, smothered, and obliterated through careful means, and anyone having them was stated insane, dangerous, and antisocial. To prevent these laws from being broken, the Party brainwash people and have â€Å"Telescreens† that can monitor everyone’s actions and a security task force called â€Å"Thought Police† to enforce these laws with torture and pain. â€Å"The Thought Police would get him just the same. He had committed, even if he had never set pen to paper, the essential crime that contained all others in itself. Thoughtcrime, they called it. Thoughtcrime could not be concealed forever. You might dodge successfully for a while, even for years, but sooner or later they ware bound to get you† (pg. 166) The Thought Police are so feared that even Winston is afraid to break any of the laws. He knows he wants to write, but is already afraid before he even starts. This is how the Party suppresses the society. Likewise, in Animal Farm, â€Å"control† is involved with its society as well. The animals portrayed in this novel represent human beings. The pigs are the smartest animals in the farm and they take control and manipulate the other  animals to do their dirty work. One of the pigs, Napoleon, has taken the throne of power with force and he controls the farm by using all the animals for his own benefit. Like Nineteen Eighty-Four, there are laws in Animal Farm, but as time goes by they are changed and shaped to his liking. To enforce Napoleon’s way of life, he uses savage dogs (which he raises from birth) to suppress the society (the animals). The dogs are just like the â€Å"Thought Police† in Nineteen Eighty-Four. â€Å"All that year the animals worked like slaves. But they were happy in their work; they grudged no effort or sacrifice, well aware that everything they did was for the benefit of themselves and those of their kind who would come after them, and not for a pack of idle, thieving human beings.†Ã‚  (pg. 51) Napoleon and the Party are the same. They both control the society with manipulation or control and anyone who does not follow their rules, are dealt with. Isolation in Nineteen Eighty-Four, is displayed by the whole society itself. It can be seen through the laws of each land and how the wars between them. The Party constantly tells the society false information to keep them where they are. It tries to keep the population from leaving their land and moving to another, even though it is impossible since every other land is equally isolated. The society is constantly given false information about their land being in war with this one to frighten the people. The Party tries to keep the society separated from other ones to ensure that no other power can overthrow them. For example, if another land were to gain a higher population, they would have more power and more control. Thus, showing the Party’s isolation. â€Å"Once when he happened in some connection to mention the war against Eurasia, she startled him by saying casually that in her opinion the war was not happening. The rocket bombs which fell daily on London were probably fired by the Government of Oceania itself, â€Å"just to keep people frightened†.† (pg.  154) Just the same, Animal Farm, is isolated. The animals take over the farm and they keep themselves away from the humans. They even change the original name of the farm to â€Å"Animal Farm† once they have taken it over. The farm is isolated from the rest of the society. The animals in the farm are separated and even have their own governors. In the farm, the animals believe that all animals are comrades and the only enemy against them is â€Å"man†. They believed that they were better off without the humans and that they would live even better lives than the humans. â€Å"The animals were happy as they had never conceived it possible to be. Every mouthful of food was an acute positive pleasure, now that it was truly their own food, produced by themselves and for themselves, not doled out to them by a grudging master† (pg. 24) The animals are isolated from the humans and now that they are, they believe that they are truly happier and productive than they were in the past. Many of the people in Nineteen Eighty-Four are brainwashed and are made to believe that they are living a prosperous life. The people have no idea that the world they live in is actually a lie, except for Winston, who believes otherwise. Inside his heart, he hates the Party even though he works for them. His work is to produce false information and deliver it to the society. Winston hates this, thus leading him to rebel. To fight against the Party, there is a group led by a man named â€Å"Goldenstein† and the only purpose of the group is to stop the Party. In the end the rebellion is useless and nothing actually comes good out of it. Nothing can change the Party and nothing will. â€Å"He was walking down the white-tiled corridor, with the feeling of walking in sunlight, and an armed guard at his back. The long-hoped-for bullet was entering his brain? He loved Big Brother† (pg. 300) Even though Winston has joined the rebellion, it is shown that it won’t  succeed. The rebellion is proven that it won’t succeed in this quote. Winston represents the rebellion in general and the bullet represents the Party. The bullet has entered Winston’s brain and has killed him, just like how the Party will kill the rebellion. Similarly, Animal Farm has a rebellious group. Like Nineteen Eighty-Four, the animals represented the rebels and that â€Å"man† represented the Party. â€Å"Man†, just like the Party, had complete control over the farm. Then the animals decided it was time, and raged war with â€Å"man†. The difference is that the animals did actually overthrow the government unlike the rebels in Nineteen Eighty-Four, but the rebels in both novels still have the same goal. â€Å"Man is the only creature that consumes without producing. He does not give milk, he does not lay eggs, he is too weak to pull the plough, he cannot run fast enough to catch rabbits. Yet he is lord of all the animals. He sets them to work, he gives back to them the bare minimum that will prevent them from starving, and the rest he keeps for himself†Ã‚  (pg. 7) The animals rebel for same reasons as Winston did. They are living in a world where they are all mistreated. To sum it up, there are many similarities between Nineteen Eighty-Four and Animal Farm. Both powers in each novel have complete control of the society, and use isolation and force to subdue them. This never-ending fight for control will never stop and any change will just result in a large cycle leading back to the same problems.

Carrefour S.A.

tCarrefour S. A. is a large multinational corporation that aims to issue EUR 750 million worth of debt. Consequently, Carrefour must decide the market in which it wants to place its bonds. The company had historically financed growth using securities denominated in the currency of its business operations. However, Carrefour’s investment banks, Morgan Stanley and UBS-Warburg, recently recommended borrowing in British pounds sterling to take advantage of a borrowing opportunity in that currency.This recommendation seems counter-intuitive prima facie, given that the British coupon rate is higher than those in all the other currencies, particularly the Swiss franc. Nevertheless, there are several reasons why investing in the British pound is a good idea. While the nominal interest rate of the Swiss franc is lower than that of the British pound, the real interest rate of the British pound is lower because of the relatively higher inflation rate in the U. K. Moreover, the exchange r ate for GBP/EUR (. 628) appears more favorable than the exchange rate of CHF/EUR (1. 53). In addition, we can calculate the implied forward rates to further help us with our decision. We can use the formula F (f. c. /EUR) = (1+i(f. c. ))N/(1+i(EUR))N*S(f. c. /EUR) to find the implied 10 year forward rates: The low forward rates for GBP/EUR suggest that borrowing in British pounds is a wise choice. Next, we must use the implied forward rates to calculate the cash flows for each currency (in Euros). This will allow us to compare each currency and see which one has the smallest cash outflow (which is the best option, since we are issuing debt).We do this by finding the coupon payment in each currency and then dividing it by the implied forward rate for the appropriate year. Using this information, we can see that the cash outflow for the GBP is the smallest, which further suggests that borrowing in British pounds is advantageous. Plus, the cash outflow is greatest for the Swiss franc. We can also use a discounted cash flow analysis to guide our decision. We can take the cash flows we just calculated and discount them to the present time using the risk free rate for each respective country and for the appropriate year.These numbers will be even more helpful and accurate because will they be in terms of today’s dollars. See below: Once again, it is evident that the smallest cash outflow corresponds with the British pound. While the coupon rate for the GBP is higher, the exchange rate is more favorable, the real interest rate is actually lower, and the coupons paid are lower. All of these factors lead me to conclude that borrowing in British pounds is in the best interest of Carrefour. One final factor to consider is the markups that brokers typically charge to make money for their services.We can find the markup for each currency by subtracting the risk-free rate from the coupon rate. The markup for the Euro is 5. 25% – 5. 087% = . 163%. The markup fo r the GBP is . 001%. The markup for the CHF is . 126%. The markup for the USD is . 087%. As we can see, the markup for the GBP is significantly lower than those of the other currencies. This suggests that the GBP is less risky and has a lower chance of default than the other currencies. It is also another reason for borrowing in British pounds.

Supply chain management of Walmart

We also express the depth of my appreciation to our honorable course teacher for her suggestion and guidelines, which helped us in completing this report. Letter of Transmittal November 19, 2014 Famish Skater Nip, Lecturer, Department of Management Studies, Jonathan University, Dacha. Us abject: Submission of Report on â€Å"Supply Chain Management Systems of Wall- Mare. Dear Madam, We are the student of Department of Management studies, Jonathan University, Dacha and also from the group named â€Å"Dazzle†.A report was given to us by you on â€Å"Supply Chain Management Systems offal-Mart†for submitting. We are really happy to have such a challenging and interesting report like this and we also feel to say â€Å"thank you† to you for making us worthy for corporate. During the preparation of this report we learn something very extra in practical which will be very helpful for us in future. There were some obstacles we have faced at the time of preparing this rep ort. But we have overcome all the obstacles by the endeavor effort by each member of our group.We had taken at most care to present this report and this report has been excellent outlet for combining theoretical and practical aspect. We are really grateful to you for giving us such a great job & opportunity like this to prove our ability in making a quality report. We had limitations at the time of preparing this report. So mistakes may occur in preparing this report. We hope you Will take our mistakes forgivingly. Yours Sincerely, On behalf of the group Sec: A Jonathan university, Dacha Table of Contents Chapter Topics page No.Chapter-I Executive Summery 8 Introduction 9 Objectives of the Study 10 Methodology Chapter-2 Supply chain management 12-14 Functions of Supply Chain Management 14 About Wall-Mart 15-16 Wall-Mart at a glance 16-17 Strategic Position 18 Wall-Mart's Supply Chain Description 20-23 Wall-Mart's Business Processes 24 procurement and Distribution 25-26 Logistics Man agement 26-27 Company Supply Chain Strategy 28 Company Supply Chain Effectiveness 29-30 Future Work and Discussion 30-31 Chapter-3 Recommendation 33 Conclusion 34 References 5 CHAPTER- ONE Wall-Mart is one of the leading Fortune 500 companies, which is spread across the globe.It is perhaps the largest retail chain which deals with everything from food to consumer electronics. Supply chain management has been the foundation to Wall-Mart's success and remains their chief competitive advantage in the retail/department store industry. Wall-Mart is in the business of selling everything customers need in their everyday lives. Wall-Mart was divided into three business segments: Wall-Mart stores, Cam's Clubs, and the International Division.Their distribution system is generally regarded as the cost efficient and they have an approach to supply chain management that has long emphasized visibility through the sharing of information with their suppliers. Wall-Mart was one of the largest privat e sector employers in the world, with employee strength of approximately 1. 28 million. Supply chain management is moving the right items to the right customer at the right time by the most efficient means. No one does that better than Wall-Mart. Wall- Mart always emphasized the need to reduce its purchasing costs and offer the best price to its customers.The company procured goods directly from manufacturers, bypassing all intermediaries. Wall-Mart was a tough negotiator on prices and finalized a purchase deal only when it was fully confident that the products being bought were not available elsewhere at a lower price. Supply chain management (SCM) is â€Å"the systemic, strategic coordination of the traditional business functions and the tactics across these business functions within a particular company and across businesses within the supply chain, for the purposes of improving the long term performance of the individual companies and the supply chain as a whole. It has also be en defined as the â€Å"design, planning, execution, control, and monitoring of supply Hahn activities with the objective of creating net value, building a competitive infrastructure, leveraging worldwide logistics, synchronizing supply with demand and measuring performance globally. † SCM is a cross-functional approach that includes managing the movement of raw materials into an organization, certain aspects of the internal processing of materials into finished goods, and the movement of finished goods out of the organization and toward the end consumer.As organizations strive to focus on core competencies and becoming more flexible, they reduce their ownership of raw materials sources and distribution channels. These functions are increasingly being outsourced to other firms that can perform the activities better or more cost effectively. The effect is to increase the number of organizations involved in satisfying customer demand, while reducing managerial control of daily logistics operations. Less control and more supply chain partners led to the creation of the concept of supply chain management.The purpose Of supply chain management is to improve trust and collaboration among supply chain partners, thus improving inventory visibility and the velocity of inventory movement. Wall-Mart was the largest retailing company in the world. The company was much bigger than its competitors in the US – Sears Roebuck, K-Mart, J Penny and Nordstrom combined (Refer Exhibit I). Len 2002, Wall-Mart operated more than 3,500 discount stores, Cam's Clubs and Superstructures in the US and more than 1,1 70 stores in all major countries across the world.The company also sold products on the Internet through its website, Walter. Com. Wall-Mart was one of the largest private sector employers in the world, with employee strength of approximately 1. 28 million. The company's founder, Sam Walton (Walton) had always focused on improving sales, constantly reducing costs, adopting efficient distribution and logistics management systems and using innovative information technology (IT) tools. According to analysts, Wall-Mart was able to achieve a leadership status ((Refer Exhibit II)) in the retail industry because of its efficient supply chain management practices.Captain Vernon L. Beauty, aide-De-camp to the commander, Defense Supply Center, Columbus, Ohio said, â€Å"Supply chain management is moving the right items to the right customer at the right time by the most efficient means. No one does that well than Wall-Mart. † Every task has a particular aim. A study without objective cannot reach its estimation. The main objective of the study is to know about â€Å"Supply Chain Management Systems of Wall-Mart†. Some other objectives of this study mention in the following: 1 . To know about Supply chain Management system. . To know about supply chain process. 3. To know about Wall-Mart. 4. To gather knowledge about supply chain managemen t of Wall-Mart. 5. To get a real idea about supply chain system. 6. To increase knowledge about supply chain. 7. To know how to manage supply chain process from Wall-Mart. 8. To know about retail system. We have collected data in the following ways: Website Desk report of the related department. Other manual information. Different reference books of the library News paper Articles Internship report CHAPTER.Two THEORETICAL ASPECTS The term â€Å"supply chain management† entered the public domain when Keith Oliver, a consultant at Bozo Allen Hamilton (now strategy&), used it in an interview for the Financial Times in 1982. The term was slow to take hold. It gained currency in the mid-1 sass, when a flurry of articles and books came out on the subject. In the late asses it rose to prominence as a management buzzword, and operations managers began to use it in their titles with increasing regularity.Commonly accepted definitions of supply chain management include: The management of upstream and downstream value- added flows of materials, final goods, and related information among suppliers, company, resellers, and final consumers The systematic, strategic coordination of traditional business functions and tactics across all business supply chain, for the purposes of improving the long-term performance Of the individual companies and the supply chain as a whole.A definition is given by Hines (2004:pop): â€Å"Supply chain strategies require a total systems view of the inks in the chain that work together efficiently to create customer satisfaction at the end point of delivery to the consumer. As a consequence, costs must be lowered throughout the chain by driving out unnecessary expenses, movements, and handling. The main focus is turned to efficiency and added value, or the end-user's perception of value. Efficiency must be increased, and bottlenecks removed.The measurement of performance focuses on total system efficiency and the equitable monetary reward distribution to those within the supply chain. The supply chain system must be responsive to customer requirements. The integration of key business processes across the supply chain for the purpose of creating value for customers and stakeholders (Lambert, 2008) According to the Council of Supply Chain Management Professionals (CAMP), supply chain management encompasses the planning and management of all activities involved in sourcing, procurement, conversion, and logistics management.It also includes coordination and collaboration with channel partners, which may be suppliers, intermediaries, third-party service providers, or customers. Supply chain management integrates supply and demand management within and across companies. More recently, the loosely coupled, self- organizing network of businesses that cooperate to provide product and service offerings has been called the Extended Enterprise.Supply Chain Management (SCM) is the management of the relationship between the suppl ier's supplier and the customer's customer through the supply chain participants (Distributor/Wholesaler and Retailer) between them, mainly using information flow and logistics activities to gain Competitive advantage and customer satisfaction. Figure: Supply Chain Management System A supply chain, as opposed to supply chain management, is a set of organizations directly linked y one or more upstream and downstream flows of products, services, finances, or information from a source to a customer.Supply chain management is the management of such a chain. In many cases the supply chain includes the collection of goods after consumer use for recycling. Successful SCM requires a change from managing individual functions to integrating activities into key supply chain processes. In an example scenario, a purchasing department places orders as its requirements become known. The marketing department, responding to customer demand, communicates with several distributors and retailers as it attempts to determine ways to attics this demand.Information shared between supply chain partners can only be fully leveraged through process integration. Supply chain business process integration involves collaborative work between buyers and suppliers, joint product development, common systems, and shared information. According to Lambert and Cooper (2000), operating an integrated supply chain requires a continuous information flow. However, in many companies, management has concluded that optimizing product flows cannot be accomplished without implementing a process approach.

Business Capstone Project Responsibility

The investigation introduced in the paper highlights the importance of product market based on money spent on packaging (size, labelling, color material and design) and the way it has been constitutes to be one of the ponents in the customer perception. Nevertheless, there has been effective contribution towards the quality packaging of the product that further adds weight to the research. Moreover, investment done on packaging can be analyzed based on the Australian supermarkets Coles and ALDI and the way it had been supporting in decision making of buying milk products from the store. Packaging is the process of evaluation through design, distribution, labelling, and colour that helps in giving a pretty face to the customers view so that it can attempt to attract customers’ attention to motivate the product’s consumption. However, packaging remains to be i plete if there is no design, style, colour, shape or the material used, as they are deemed appealing to the customers irrespective of the choices made by them. On the other hand, appearance of the product not only adds to be the means of munication for the brand but also helps in conveying brand meaning to the customers (Schleenbecker and Hamm 2013). There are several ways that product designs influence consumer preference. The design of a product determines consumers ´ first impression of the product and quickly can municate product advantage. In addition, the design of a product will generate consumer inferences regarding several product attributes. Furthermore, the product or package appearance can reinforce the image of a brand, as the identity of a brand is expressed visually in the appearance of products (Riley, Martins da Silva and Behr 2015). Although, there are large individual and time-specific differences in the experience of colour and form, there are certain associations that seem to be relatively constant. Overviews of the influence of colour and form on consumer perception of symbolic value (and ergonomic and aesthetic value as well). For example, angular forms are associated with masculinity and dynamism, while roundness evokes femininity and softness (Raheem, Vishnu and Ahmed 2014). On the other hand, when it es to milk products, the packaging needs to be soothing as well as feminine such that with a picture of cow with white background can be forting to eyes as well as eye catching. However, the packaging concept in milk should be regular and not so fancy because they are obtained from natural plants (Okenwa 2016). Moreover, labelling of the pack should be highlighting more on nutrient balance, amount per saving and ingredients. Aldi and Coles, being one of the top retail stores in Australia wish to see their product shelved and making profit. Although, initially, the profit might be cut but later the same process will lead to more sales. Conversely, the use of sale packaging according to customer perception held to be of relevant factors in optimization. This is because from an environment as well as economical perspective, though it’s a costly venture but primary research showed that needs of customers for products like milk and baby care products can only be satisfied based on performance, reliability and packaging (Alvarez et al. 2016). Accordingly, it can be said that, packaging even constitute to be an important aspects that Coles and Aldi should focus on as it adds value to customer perception. In addition, shape, size, design and colour needs to be maintained so that the customers remain inclined towards a product like milk which can be added value through consistency. Milk/food packaging is the holder that holds, secures, saves and distinguishes the item, and which likewise encourages capacity and mercialization. Packaging likewise assumes a noteworthy part in drawing in customer consideration and affecting shopper buy choices. Concerning, current packaging market, bundling gives sustenance organizations the last opportunity to convince customers to purchase the item before brand choice. Along these lines, all bundling ponents must be consolidated to pull in the shopper when acquiring the product. However, the quality in packaging is perceived on two views- first is perceived quality and the second is objective quality. Perceived quality is different from actual reality as it is a higher level of abstraction than a particular attribute towards the products. As a result, the judgement is only made based on the consumer suggested set. The perceived quality differs from objective quality but it not only helps in adding ideal standards but it also helps in analysing the packaged goods based on technical and manufacturing based quality. However, when it es to sensitive products like baby care and milk products, the superiority and excellence of material attracts the consumer while paying more attention to the concept â€Å"health† (Jhandir 2012). The perceived quality ponent can be explained with the specific and intrinsic attributes to infer as well as indicate quality that not only sustains to higher level of abstract dimensions but also generalizes to quality of products. Figure: Perceived Quality ponent Source: (Akdeniz, Calantone and Voorhees 2013) When we analysed the â€Å"Total Food Quality Model† the â€Å"health† dimension not only adds to the perceived quality of the product but also helps the customers in decision-making. According to (), TFQM integrates the multi-featured and the various levelled ways to deal with quality recognition. In addition, it incorporates two other real ponents of shopper conduct in milk products and organic products, in particular the aim to buy, as a trade-off between give and take segments and the clarification of customer fulfilment, as the variation amongst experienced and expected quality (Yin et al. 2016). The following diagram that studies the basic outline of before purchase can be given as under. The model accordingly incorporates rationale or worth satisfaction, the way satisfaction of the customers adds to the a plishment of coveted ou es and qualities. External/ Outward cues, for example, label and information create assumptions about u monly high eating quality; precisely, giving the customer a sentiment extravagance and delight of life. The qualities looked for by buyers will not only affect quality measurements that are looked for but also studies the changed cues that could be seen and addressed. The grouping from prompts/cues, through quality increases the buy intentions based on the hierarchy of progressively theoretical intellectual order (Beneke et al. 2013). The packaging ultimately adds and signifies the overall features as well as uniqueness and originality to the sensory evaluation of milk products that help in brand preferences and municates favourable as well as implied meaning of the product (Drake et al. 2009). When it es to milk products, it is important that the nutritional value of the product is added highlighting good quality protein, easily digestible fat, source of iron and vitamin with calcium. Although, package labelling constitutes to be the â€Å"sense of seeing† that adds additional value. Moreover, sales of the packaging can only be increased by shelf impact, band imagery and functional and satisfaction after using the product (Young 2016). Accordingly, packaging helps in increasing sales of the product majorly, through its size and design and the way customer perceive it quality to be after going through the facts stated through labelling. In addition, it links to business value as an evidence while documenting shoppers decision. The sales helps on the impact of preference as well as petition in the market because Coles and Aldi are petitors justifying their packaging through price while ensuring market share at the same time. On the other hand, foster packaging innovation will lead to mitment and process while assessing new concepts in the marketing world. Corporate Social Responsibility ensures sustainability because of its corporate philanthropic nature tha not only directly benefits the shareholders but also in building brand imaging. CSR portrays the degree to which authoritative results are steady with societal qualities and desires. At its grass roots, being socially mindful has been a worry especially related to the justification that organizations will probably do well in a thriving society than in one that is going into disrepair (Gurung 2013). In today’s petitive marketplace, packaging with the organization guarantees economic profitability. However, to operate in the healthy society, it is important that the resources emphasized to the product offerings are not harmful and are not discontinued in the environment such that pany can emphasise environmentally friendly manufacturing and packaging materials (Sparks, Perkins and Buckley 2013). On the other hand, when it es to packaging, full disclosure about materials as well as origin is important to meet the practices of reporting and meeting the goals. Packaging is the only basis through which the organization depicts its CSR to the customers. Product bundling has the capacity that fits for CSR messages, since it permits purchasers to show their backing of capable organizations to themselves as well as other people, and the data is promptly accessible to them. Besides, the significance of packaging as a promoting tool is progressively recognized, since it empowers promoting munication to happen in the genuine acquiring circumstance and it a panies with the buyers into their homes (Pedersen 2013). The basic functions of packaging holds to be true for protection, preservation, facilitating distribution, promoting customer choice as well as consumer convenience. This form of marketing munication of CSR through packaging is unique because it not only enforces the purchase decision but also adds value to the product every time it is used. As per the list, it is important that environmental and health consciousness can likely occur on packages which can be considered as a value driven package consideration for environment and social causes. However, CSR can be beneficial to packaging through the elements of packaging influencing consumer’s purchase behaviour (Kuvykaite, Dovaliene and Navickiene 2015). Figure: Elements of Package and Consumer’s Purchase Behaviour Source: (Kuvykaite, Dovaliene and Navickiene 2015) However, when analysed on milk products, a brand logo that depicts a cow with a pleasing punch line as well as visual representation of environmentally checked product can not only receive environmental friendly process but also signifies a colour and size that looks fit for the kids. Moreover, milk products also employs labelling to convey CSR on the package and represent the product as responsibly manufactured which can be used while ensuring sustainability standards (Deselnicu, Costanigro and Thilmany 2012). Accordingly, the Corporate Social Responsibility and packaging labelling and design not only adds to the customers value but also ensures that the product is safe and secure. However, Aldi and Coles should also depicts their CSR through Products as external practices may be visible but internal practices can attract and retain the customers in the long run. The brand preference and packaging expenditure are moreover a relationship that is negatively influenced in a way that as the brand preference increases, the organization can lessen its expense on packaging while lowering expenditure. On the other hand, brand preference is assumed to be beneficial only when the product is recognized in the market and the customers are known to the alternatives. However, it is important that buying decision making should be   observed based on the impact of change that is significant on consumer perception, needs and tests, while additionally, adding products that are manufactured as well as changed on their subsequent positioning. Although, these changes have influenced consumer awareness but also have increased demand for products leading to expenditure in packaging depending on the consumer choices (Ahaiwe and Ndubuisi 2015). To conclude, it can be said that packaging holds to have equal important that any other marketing strategy used in the products. However, organizations need to adapt to different methods of packaging that not only increases the product sales but at the same time increase the corporate social responsibility of the product. Moreover, the packaging expenditure needs to be initially invested to shelf the product but later once the brand preference increases, the packaging expenditure can be less and the changing can be made in the process of innovation. Ahaiwe, E.O. and Ndubuisi, U., 2015. The Effect Of Packaging Characteristics On Brand Preference For Cosmetics Products In Abia State, Nigeria.  British Journal of Marketing Studies,  3(8), pp.79-90. Akdeniz, B., Calantone, R.J. and Voorhees, C.M., 2013. Effectiveness of marketing cues on consumer perceptions of quality: The moderating roles of brand reputation and thirdà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ party information.  Psychology & Marketing,  30(1), pp.76-89. Alvarez, A., Garcà ­a-Cornejo, B., Pà ©rez-Mà ©ndezà ¢Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚  c, J.A. and Roibà ¡s, D., 2016. Diversification in Spanish Dairy Farms: Key Drivers of Performance.EEvery Generation Needs Its Leaders., p.163. Beneke, J., Flynn, R., Greig, T. and Mukaiwa, M., 2013. The influence of perceived product quality, relative price and risk on customer value and willingness to buy: a study of private label merchandise.  Journal of Product & Brand Management,  22(3), pp.218-228. Deselnicu, O., Costanigro, M. and Thilmany, D., 2012. Corporate Social Responsibility Initiatives and Consumer Preferences in the Dairy Industry. In2012 Annual Meeting, August 12-14, 2012, Seattle, Washington  (No. 124616). Agricultural and Applied Economics Association. Drake, M.A., Drake, S., Clark, S., Costello, M., Drake, M. and Bodyfelt, F., 2009. The Sensory Evaluation of dairy products. Grunert, K.G., 2005. Food quality and safety: consumer perception and demand.  European Review of Agricultural Economics,  32(3), pp.369-391. Gurung, R., 2013. The Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility Initiatives and Customer Centric Initiatives on Customers. Jhandir, S.U., 2012. Customer satisfaction, perceived service quality and mediating role of perceived value.  International Journal of Marketing Studies,4(1). Kuvykaite, R., Dovaliene, A. and Navickiene, L., 2015. Impact of package elements on consumer’s purchase decision.  Economics and Management, (14), pp.441-447. Okenwa, N.J., 2016.  Consumer Acceptance of Made in Nigeria Packaged Food Products in Enugu (A Study of Packaged Cosmetics and Food Products)  (Doctoral dissertation). Pedersen, A. 2013.  CSR munication via Product Packaging: A General Discussion and an analysis of Innocent Drinks. Pure.au.dk. Available at: https://pure.au.dk/portal/files/45284499/BA_for_upload.pdf.%20Retrieved,%20June%2010 [Accessed 15 Sep. 2016]. Raheem, A.R., Vishnu, P. and Ahmed, A.M., 2014. Impact of product packaging on consumer’s buying behavior.  European Journal of Scientific Research,  120(2), pp.145-157. Riley, D., Martins da Silva, P. and Behr, S., 2015. The impact of packaging design on health product perceptions. Schleenbecker, R. and Hamm, U., 2013. Consumers’ perception of organic product characteristics. A review.  Appetite,  71, pp.420-429. Sparks, B.A., Perkins, H.E. and Buckley, R., 2013. Online travel reviews as persuasive munication: The effects of content type, source, and certification logos on consumer behavior.  Tourism Management,  39, pp.1-9. Yin, S., Chen, M., Chen, Y., Xu, Y., Zou, Z. and Wang, Y., 2016. Consumer trust in organic milk of different brands: the role of Chinese organic label.British Food Journal,  118(7). Young, S. 2016.  Documenting the "Business Value" of New Packaging Innovations - Perception Research Services International. Prsresearch . Available at: https://www.prsresearch /prs-insights/article/documenting-the-business-value-of-new-packaging-innovations/ [Accessed 15 Sep. 2016].