The Power of Knowledge

The Power of Knowledge Our present day cabinet of curiosities (the â€Å"Cabinet†) is akin to early modern representations, which contained a vast range of objects representing the power of divine creation, in that the Cabinet represents, through its display of five objects, the power of human knowledge. Each of these objects helps mankind acquire and/or use knowledge.The order of objects displayed has been designed to reflect the evolution and utilisation of knowledge: an illustration of the DNA spiral helix (the building blocks of life); seed samples (the growth and development of organisms); the electron icroscope (allowing detailed examination of objects); the tablet-style computer (the dissemination and democratisation of knowledge); and the moon rock (exploration of space). DNA Spiral Helix The deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) helix is the only object in the Cabinet which is a representation.Whilst DNA exists in every cell it would need the Electron Microscope to render DNA v isible. Two strands are shown twisted into a helix with rods between the strands. How does this represent DNA? Phillip Cohen (2006) describes the helix thus: Each strand spells out the genetic code as a chain of four chemical letters alled bases: adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C) and guanine (G). A,C,G and T sit on the rods between the two strands which are made from a sugar molecule and a phosphate molecule (Genetics Home Reference, 2013).The discovery of DNA and the evolving knowledge of it, has proved immensely powerful because of what it enables us to do, for example: to detect a criminal's guilt from a single hair beyond reasonable doubt; detect family connections by comparing DNA from two or more people, dead or alive; (hence the certainty that it was Richard Ill's remains found in Leicester); and to give the power to cure or eliminate previously incurable diseases, through the mapping of the human genome.Seed Samples Seed samples appear on the shelves at the seed bank of The International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre, labelled in see-through closed plastic containers. The first seed bank was established by N. Vavilov in 1926 outside St. Petersburg, for scientific research and cross-breeding purposes (BBC, 2013). Since then the world has changed dramatically, resulting in an increased consumption of natural resources. Seed banks around the world have assumed a new and very important ole in the preservation of rare and dying species of all kinds of plant forms.Today the Millennium Seed Bank in Kew Royal Botanic Gardens is working on the ‘Noah's ark project and has acquired ten percent of the world's plant species threatened by climate change and the expansion of human habitats (Kew, nd). Seed samples preserved by seed banks provide not Just the opportunity for detailed study but also the power, opportunity and possibility for future generations to preserve most of the plant forms in the world (as we know it now) and to regenerate species to help feed the growing world population. An Electron Microscope This electron microscope is linked to three computer screens, showing typhoid bacteria in pink.Invented in 1 by German natural philosophers Max Knoll and Ernst Ruska, the electron microscope, though cumbersome and expensive is â€Å"capable of high magnification and greater resolving power than a light microscope† Oohn Innes Centre, 2013). Its capability to magnify finer details by two million times, revolutionised the studies of the behaviour and treatment of light resistant bacteria (such as typhoid bacteria) and viruses and enables detailed forensic analysis to take place. This object symbolises man's quest not only to understand his natural environment, but his ambition to control and manage it.The micrographs are artefacts in their own right; they can be displayed on their own as scientific evidence. The electron microscope can be displayed alone in a science museum, as a demonstration model for public use or in the Cabinet with the other four items chosen, to show the prominence and ever-increasing possibilities of technology and science and to illustrate man's evolving knowledge. A Tablet Computer Tablet-style computers combine several electronic components, such as a computer, amera and hand-held gaming device, into one convenient portable package (Martin, 2013) which is affordable for many consumers.The invention of the personal computer allowed individuals to access academic libraries and newspapers/ magazines via the internet (Slaughter, 2010) and (eventually) to communicate with other users, subject to a web connection. A tablet computer allows access to a wealth of information. A search engine acts as a filter to any subject; this enables appropriate content to be accessed. The rising popularity of internet-enabled phones, results in thousands more opportunities to access and create data being pened up. This technology enables knowledge to be shared and democratised – no longer resting with a narrow elite (Slaughter, 2010).The tablet computer incorporates a camera to allow for the quick transfer of photographs and videos around the world. The camera can challenge and record human behaviours: this ability to provide a contemporaneous record of human behaviour has resulted in the power of Governments to dictate the historical record of events being publicly challenged. Early computers also helped plot the course to the moon of the Apollo 11 flights in 1969. (Taylor, 2013). A Piece of Rock from the Moon Moon rocks are of various shapes and sizes and â€Å"range in age from about 3. billion years up to about 4. 5 billion years old† (Museumwales, 2009). A wealth of previously unknown knowledge has been gained from studying these rocks, they have â€Å"been of great value in advancing our understanding of the Moon and the history of our solar system† (Astro. washington, 2009). Scientists believe that earth rocks and moon rocks were once e ither part of the same body or were originally combined before they were formed (Natural history museum, nd). On religious grounds, this could challenge raditional views on God's formation of the earth.Moon rocks can be exhibited on their own as artworks – as natural art that reflect the universe in a microcosmic form in accordance with the Chinese tradition of the Philosopher Stones (BBC News, 2012). Moon rocks are priceless due to their scarcity, given the high cost of returning to the Moon to obtain more. In conclusion, the Cabinet symbolises the startling possibilities of human potential and the evolution of knowledge. The discovery of DNA and the creation of the Electron Microscope enabled, in their turn, turtner discoveries and developments to ake place. Conversely, the collection of seed samples allows for the preservation of what currently exists. 0 The tablet computer encapsulates the democratisation of knowledge, through ever-increasing access to data. 0 The moon ro cks represent the ambition to move beyond the world and the infinite possibilities of exploring and understanding our universe. 0The Cabinet is designed to inspire awe in the observer through the display of symbols of the technological and scientific progress that has led to a better understanding of our world and beyond.

The Impact of African American Stereotypes

Many of us have received a meager education about African-Americans. In fact, many people have no clue about African Americans beyond the information we have been given in the media. The result has been that most whites possess a distorted image of African-Americans. This not only limits a person's worldview, but this is also dangerous. The media has no incentive to present accurate, much less positive, images of African-Americans. This is nothing new, but the inaccuracies have a greater impact on the lives of black people. Throughout history, black men have been presented as beastly savage. For example, in the movie â€Å"Jersey Drive,† the blacks are portrayed as a bunch of violent thieves who thrive from stealing others† cars. Often, in the past they were shown as subhuman beings preying on the fragile white woman. With the advent of radio and television, black men were depicted as buffoons and criminals. Today, few images are presented, showing what black men are really like. For instance, Denzel Washington who is a brilliant actor, as well as a successful businessman in today†s society is a great image. Unfortunately, it is easier for most people who are not black to build their assumptions from media depictions rather than to go out and to meet the actual people. These images have contributed to the most violent behavior against black men that this country has ever seen. Over the course of the twentieth century, thousands of black men were lynched for often false rape allegations by white women. Black men have been repeatedly denied access to opportunities for education and employment. To this day, black men remain perceived as a â€Å"threat† and are the targets of sometimes fatal acts of police brutality. It is not a coincidence that African American men are imprisoned and given stiffer sentences than their white counterparts. Black men are not the only victims of harmful stereotypes. Black women are perceived as pillars of strength. This is a perception that a number of black women are proud to accept. The black women we see in the media tend to be powerful, nurturing figures. With the exception of a handful of supermodels, black women are often viewed as unattractive by the popular American beauty standards. An overwhelming view of black women is that they are stern, perhaps even domineering. To illustrate, In â€Å"Soul Food,† the females are in charge of keeping the family together through all the struggles. These images of black women have led traditional society to ignore the real concerns of black women. Perhaps, they tend to be depicted as superhuman creatures. Black women are seen as being able to withstand any personal tragedy and to emerge totally prepared to face the demands of life. In summation, few of us received educations about African Americans. Throughout history, black men have been presented as beastly. Also, Black women have been perceived as stone walls of strength, powerful, and nurturing figures. Few people take time to see the truth behind these stereotypes. If we really want to know about African Americans, the education that personal interaction and books provide are much more insightful than the media†s misrepresentations.

Monopoly & monopolistic Essay

There are plenty of companies in America today that are controlled by a monopolistic market. Although there may be a few that are controlled as a monopoly market, while there are a few that are out there such as the Gas and Electric Company, SDG&E and the USPS. It can be difficult when you are going from a monopolistic firm to a monopoly only because the market is completely different from one another. When it comes to Wonks, there are plenty of beneficiaries when we analyze the differences of going from one to another. It is uncommon that a firm will go to a monopoly after being a monopolistic company. But as we dig deeper there can be some advantages as with anything there are disadvantages to the government, companies and society. As stated in our text the definition of the monopolistic is as follows, â€Å"A common form of industry (market) structure in the United States, characterized by a large number of firms, no barriers to entry, and product differentiation† (Case, pg. 304). When we look at a monopolistic company indicates that there are multiple types of the same type or similar companies that create the same product(s). This tends to be a common theme here in America. Wonks changed to a monopoly firm which resulted in â€Å"â€Å"An industry with a single firm that produces a product for which there are no close substitutes and in which significant barriers to entry prevent other firms from entering the industry to compete for profits† (Case, pg. 262). In a monopoly firm there is one main firm that manufactures the product and nobody else can replicate the product. Looking on the brighter side, there are plenty of advantages to having a monopoly company that could be beneficial for the government, other companies as well as customers. The government usually looks at a firm that is considered a monopoly and they are the ones who allow the sense of control over the company. They are able to come in the market as a monopoly with in fact this will allow for them to regulate the competition. For a company there are benefits as well to being a monopoly company. It requires for the company to have a huge amount of products on hand to make sure that they are meeting the customer’s needs. For a company to do that they would need to provide a bigger amount of capital in the production. This is because production cost takes a plunge simple fact that you are now producing in larger amounts. This may be a huge asset for a firm because it will now be lower in cost for the product to be produced. When we analyze price, the firm may have an option to increase or decrease the price depending on the situation. Since Wonk is the only company like itself, the customers have to pay the price that the company puts forth, or they have the choice of not purchasing their products. Lastly, for the customer’s standpoint, they have some advantages as well. A firm that tends to be as the monopoly firm can lower prices to get people in the door. Not always will the prices be low either. Now this is an advantage for one because now the consumer is getting the product at cheaper prices. When it comes to Wonks being a monopoly the government, companies as well as the customers can all benefit from it in one way or another. When looking at the two, a monopolistic and a monopoly firm the pricing and the producing for both are different. In this case the monopoly firms prices tend to be higher because they are the only company that manufactures the item or product. At any given time the company can increase and or decrease the prices when they want and the customers either can purchase the product or not at all. In a monopolistic company, their prices can differ from time to time given that there are many more companies with similar products. One thing to pay attention to is that not just one firm can change the prices because the customers can just simply go to another place to get a similar product at a cheaper price. For a monopoly company when it comes to producing product, it can be different to how prices are determined. For example, if the prices are lower, then more production is needed in order to keep up with consumer demands. We could also consider that the production may not change a whole lot in a monopoly because they are usually the only firm with that particular product. In this case if a customer wanted the item or product then they will pay whatever the manufacturer priced it out as. For a monopolistic company, production can change depending on the prices. If the companies prices happens to be high, consumers will not want to purchase items from this company. Customers do have a choice to shop around and go to another company. Some companies have particular market and target a certain group of individuals. This can be more beneficial to these types more than others. In my opinion, Wonks can benefit more from a monopoly. Considering my research, it appears that there are more opportunities for Wonks as a monopoly as oppose to a monopolistic firm. When a firm is part of a monopoly, they are able to control more of the sales to provide the necessary items for their consumers. A change with Wonks going from a monopolistic firm to a monopoly has many benefits. The government can benefit from Wonks by this firm being a monopoly simply because they are controlling the market. The company benefits and also they are able to reduce the amount of productivity cost because things are being produced in mass quantities. As for as the customers, they are able to get the product they need at a reasonably cheap price. A monopoly company can have some advantages when it comes to the economy if they have the put the consumers needs to make them happy customers. Reference: 1) Case, K. , Fair, R. , Oster, S. , (2009). Principles of Microeconomics, 9th Edition. Person Learning Solutions. Upper Saddle River, NJ.

Germany and the germans class Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Germany and the germans class - Essay Example Prussia came out of the war stronger than it was before because of his military skills. He gave the press the freedom to express themselves and he also established common religious toleration. He managed to protect the people from the law by having a quick judicial process, torture was abolished and the capital sentence was made at his discretion. He developed infrastructure and agriculture. That is how he built his legacy in his time (Woloch, 54). Joseph II lived between 1741 and 1790. He was the Roman emperor and ruler and during his tenure he managed to finish what his mother had started. His reforms were political, economic, judicial and social oriented. He changed the education system by separating it from the monarch and finding the best scholars. The executive and judiciary were separated at the strategic level and he did this to the lower levels of this arms. He managed to make the General hospital a top hospital in Europe. He gave the press their freedom and established an equality of religion. He also transferred ownership of the theaters to the actors to enhance their performance. He also managed to emancipate the Jews which gave the culture a boost. His war tactics also gave his kingdom a competitive edge and position (Woloch, 67). His reforms were well rounded as he touched each and every aspect of the

History of the Second Temple Period Research Paper

History of the Second Temple Period - Research Paper Example The second temple period became complete at the beginning of the first Jewish-roman war and the demolition of the Jewish temple. During the second temple period, Judaism was faced by three main predicaments and their consequences while different groups of Jews reacted to them differently. The period began with the destruction of Jewish kingdom when the Judeans lost their land, holy city, temple and monarchy and most of them exiled to Babylon. This was followed by a theological crisis, which involved nature, goodness and power of God. They were also threatened in terms of culture, ceremonies and race since they were thrown into propinquity with other individuals and religious groups. The lack of acknowledged prophets later in the period left them lacking divine guidance at the moment when they were mostly in need of (their) support and guidance. The second crisis was the increasing authority of Hellenism in Judea that ended in the Maccabeus Revolt in 167 BCE. The final crisis involved the Roman occupation of the region. The aim of the paper is to describe the Second Temple Period from Alexander the Great to the reign of Herod’s sons. ... cond Temple Period The second temple period, which lasted 600 years, can be divided into various periods each with own distinct political and social characteristics. During this time, different kingdoms took power of Jerusalem, they included Persian, Macedonian Greeks (Alexander the Great), and Egyptian Greeks, Syrian Greeks, nature and Romans and the Egyptians. During the return to Zion from Babylonian captivity, which was during the Persian period, Jerusalem was rather poor. However, the city enjoyed vivacious flourishing religious life. The same time saw the appearance of a dominant religious class, sophisticated elite accessible to foreign influence2. The Persians were conjured by Alexander the Great in 332 BCE. The Persians’ defeat by Alexander the Great ushered in the Hellenistic period which reigned until the Maccabean Revolt in 167 BCE. The Hellenistic period under Alexander the Great comprised of a rising gap between the Hellenized elites who espoused Greek way of lif e and the city’s observant inhabitants. It is this gap which eventually resulted to the Maccabean Revolt. After the demise of Alexander the Great, the division of his empire among the generals, the formation of the Seleucide kingdom followed3. The decline of associations between the Hellenized Jews and sacred Jews guided the Seleucid King, Antiochus IV Epiphanes, to enforce decrees prohibiting particular Jewish religious rites and traditions. As a result, the orthodox Jews revolted under the rule of the Hasmonean people (Maccabees). The revolt resulted to the creation of an independent Judean empire under the Hasmonaean dynasty. The dynasty later disintegrated following the civil war between sons of Salome Alexandra and Aristobullus II. Those not interested in the governance of the King but

Was Realism a social movement as much as an artistic one Were the Essay

Was Realism a social movement as much as an artistic one Were the artists' messages and calls for changes of attitude more critical than the art itself Please use specific art examples - Essay Example The realists’ messages and calls were critical as they were equally portrayed in their arts. In the artwork of Gustave Courbet in 1856 entitled â€Å"Les Demoiselles du bord de la Seine† for instance, he painted two women resting under a tree. The color of the painting is prominently green which are contrasted by the red and white clothes of the women, usually common in Courbet’s era. The heavy lines of the painting give a smooth texture to the painting, giving it an almost photographic appearance that makes a viewer feel like he is looking at the scene himself and not just a painting. The balance of color and space in the painting does not only present what the painter wants to show but it also makes the artwork appealing to the eyes. As to form and shape, the painter was able to capture how the models would have looked like in real life, being true to their proportions without exaggerating features for emphasis. The painting also shows good spacing between the figures so that even though the plane used is two-dimensional, it shows a three-dimensional picture with the sleeping woman nearer the viewer and the second woman a little farther from the first. The trees also seem to be a distance away from the women, creating a realistic picture which is the message of

Research design in psychology week 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Research design in psychology week 4 - Essay Example To narrow down my area of interest into a specific branch of criminology I have picked the topic of juvenile crime and delinquency which analyses the acts committed against the law by underage individuals. Qualitative research encompasses the study of a concept or phenomena that needs to be understood because little research has been done on it (Creswell, 2009). Theories aid this research simply because they enable a researcher to form a null hypothesis, which is either proved or disproved by the research carried out. Look at the example of the study conduced by Brian A. Jacob and Lars Lefgren (2003) that gathered through questionnaires and interviews data from various schools and 29 jurisdictions across the country to conclude that the level of property crime committed by juveniles decreases by 14 percent on days when school was in session, but the level of violent crime increases by 28 percent on days when it is not. Building on this study I would analyze the concept of crime based on the general theory of crime that revolves on individual self control. According to Akers and Sellers, 2004, the self control theory marks the difference between an individuals (regardless of age) tendency to either commit a crime or refrain from it. Therefore the connection between ‘criminality’, which is to offend, and ‘crime,’ that refers to actual law being broken, is that of available opportunities (Gottfredson and Hirschi, 1990). Since low self control develops early in an individual’s life and results in an increased possibility of crime to base this theory on a research that through direct observation and the use of questionnaires targets samples of school going children will be a practical undertaking. This is because its application will lead to findings that can help develop practices which will help improve self control and hence avoid the possibility of them taking part in future criminal activities. Similarly for a quantitative resea rch on criminology the aim is to base the investigation on methods such as inductive statistics, evidence-based comparisons, ratios, demographics, meta-analysis, computer-based models etc (Gail Cohen). In quantitative research, Creswell point out (2009, p. 49) researchers often test theories as an explanation for answers to their questions . For example Craig S. Schwalb (2007) conducted a quantitative longitudinal meta analysis judging the probability of repeated offences by juvenile offenders and found that there was a positive correlation between individuals who indulged in substance abuse, family problems and peer delinquency. Correlation is a popular technique in psychology, including personality (Dr. C. George Boeree). The personality theories take into consideration biology (neurology), evolution and genetics, sensation and perception, motivation and emotion, learning and memory, developmental psychology etc. Keeping in mind this theory the aspect of the probability of repeat offences can be facilitated by developing personality tests to measure the personality traits of juvenile criminals. For example by the use of say an IQ test we can measure the average intelligence of juvenile delinquents and identify key personality traits and then correlate these with frequency or intensity of criminal activities. This will induce a level of objectivity in our research as we would know exactly what personality

Federalists Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Federalists Paper - Essay Example These three founding fathers of the United States Constitution use the pseudonym Publius in order for them not to hide their identity but to honor the name of the Roman consul Publius Valerius Publicola. The Revolution and Reconstruction of America and its Constitution are owed to several founding fathers of the United States of America which consists of statesmen, politicians, and federalists etcetera. It takes place when in the midst of a controversy in the American government with the discussion on the Constitutional Convention, a certain Alexander Hamilton courageously write and publish for public reviews on October 27, 1787 the Federalist #1, an introductory essay serves as the instigation and initiative suggestion and later called the General Introduction of the Federalist Paper series. The essay is done and is composed mostly to persuade people to support the Constitution. Moreover, his two colleagues write the supporting essays in the Federalist Papers which gives Hamilton the motivation to continue writing. Hamilton's Federalist #6, which the argument continued to Federalist #7, concerns about the Dangers from Dissensions Between the States while Federalist #8 argues about the Consequences of Hostilities Between the States. Federalist #9 is the first half of the argument about the Union as a Safeguard Against Domestic Factions and Insurrections. Federalist #11 to 13 states the Utility of the Union in Respect to Commercial Relations and a Navy; Utility of the Union in Respect to Revenue; and the Advantage of the Union in Respect to Economy in Government, in that order, while Federalist #15 to 17 argues with similar issue of an Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union. Other essays authored by Hamilton are as follows: Federalist #21 to 22 - Other Defects of the Present Confederation Federalist #23 - The Necessity of a Government as Energetic as the One Proposed to thePreservation of the Union Federalist #24 to 25 - The Powers Necessary to the Common Defense Further Considered Federalist #26 to 28 - The Idea of Restraining the Legislative Authority in Regard to the Common Defense Considered Federalist #29 - Concerning the Militia Federalist #30 to 36 - Concerning the General Power of Taxation Federalist #59 to 61 - Concerning the Power of Congress to Regulate the Election of Members It is also Alexander Hamilton who continually wrote the Federalist #65 to Federalist #85 alone which the later published on August 13 and 16, 1788 as the Concluding Remarks. Topics discussed in these texts are: Federalist #65 & 67 - The Powers of the Senate (as initiated in Federalist #64 by Jay) Federalist #66 - Objections to the Power of the Senate to Set as a Court for Impeachments Further Considered Federalist #68 - The Mode of Electing the President Federalist #69 - The Real Character

Purchase decision of Pevensey PLC among four options of machinery Essay

Purchase decision of Pevensey PLC among four options of machinery - Essay Example In this paper two methods for analysis of the investment decision are adopted. These methods include discounted and non-discounted cash flow analysis. The reason for choosing these particular methods is that they are strictly numerical and objective. The solution given by these methods cannot be argued against and can be easily defended if questions are raised pertaining to their legitimacy. Relevant data is also available for using the above mentioned methods of analysis. The initial costs of the four machines, their residual value at the end of their useful life and cash flow generated by the four machines is provided in the case. -Discounted Cash flow simply calculates the differential between the costs and receipts associated with each investment option for the organization. In this particular case, the investment options for the company are the four machines. The benefit of non-discounted cash flow method is ease of assessment and communication to the top management. Discounted cash flow is a modified and improved version of cash flow analysis in which timings of the cash flows are also taken into account. Under this method, value for each cash flow is discounted according to respective cost of capital of the company. This method makes more sense because contemporary organizations prefer gain cash flow as early as possible, so that this cash flow can be reinvested in the business or some other venture. Aversion to  risk is the second reason for discounting of because the distant is the date for receipt for cash; the lesser is the certainty of receiving it. An investment is viable if its net cash inflow exceeds the net outflow of cash for acquisition and maintenance of machinery (Gilchrist and Himmelberg, 1995). The cost of capital of

Technology Solutions for Human Services Paper Essay

Technology Solutions for Human Services Paper - Essay Example field of Human Services is broadly defined, uniquely approaching the objective of meeting human needs through an interdisciplinary knowledge base, focusing on prevention as well as remediation of problems, and maintaining a commitment to improving the overall quality of life of service populations. (National Organization for Human Services ,2009) Technology, having its roots in the application of science, can be termed as the type of knowledge that involves the implementation and origin of the technical METHODS AND the way these methods correlate with everything surrounding it such as life, society and the environment. The implications of technology have become a norm in present day world. Men and women alike do not see the passing of any of their days without the involvement of technology in it. If it is said that children born today are born having the spoon of technology in their mouths it would not be incorrect. The advent of technology has greatly improved the everyday living standard of every man in our society. The use of technology brings serious and lasting changes in just about anything concerned. The states of some phenomenon with and without implementation of technology are poles apart. Technology brings influence and enhances the usability. It is the current need of the day to incorporate technology in every aspect of life. Technology has been considered as a vital tool for assisting human services. Execution of a number of human services can be made much easier as the implementation of technology has delivered solutions to quite a number of problems that the human services’ departments are facing the world over. An attempt to classify the problems being faced in the human services’ facilitates of an organization has been made below. Furthermore, it is discussed that how can technology be used to address the problems being faced. Community Development is the process whereby social services are provided for the betterment of humanity on the

Monasticism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Monasticism - Essay Example From this paper it is clear that Monastery lifestyle aids the monks to subdue their bodily passions that may hinder one from having complete dedication to God. This is via fasting, enduring harsh circumstances with people of the similar motive living together as a family. Primarily, this entails fervent fasting, praying and persevering trials for the sake of the church while making constant intercession for humankind. These trials and sufferings monks render in union with those of the Christ while in Gethsemane. Here, Christ was pleading for assistance and accompaniment in the journey of human salvation, which entailed the Holy Trinity’s intervention.This study highlights that  seclusion gives monks the detachment they require meant for external stillness or quietness, which is essential in aiding one to get in touch with oneself. Hence, monks meticulously know themselves better, so that they are capable to fight their passions and embrace a life worth of God beholding. The exercise aims at fulfilling the monastic golden vows summed up as The Benedictine Rule, which acts as a guide all through the partakers’ lives. They comprise total obedience, stability and transformation in the way of life, which will aid in subduing passions and desires of this materialistic world, thus devote to the will of God.  Monastic life calls for the monks not only for fervent prayers and be in confinements of the monastery, but also aid in situations where pastoral work is in demand.

Review of Financial Statements Essay Example for Free

Review of Financial Statements Essay Financial statements are essential accounting tools which include balance sheets, cash flow statements, and income statements that provide information on a companys past and present financial history. Information on financial statements can be used by any number of public and private entities to determine if an organizations financial status is healthy. Burger King and McDonalds are two organizations that use financial statements in conducting business. Further, this paper will discuss the financial statements of each company, the firms which audit each companies financial statements, and define accounting concepts, terminologies, and transactions used in the financial statements. Additional information will provided regarding when McDonalds and Burger King were established and what product and services they provide to the public. Overview of Organizations McDonalds first opened its doors in 1940 introducing the concept of the speedee service system offering french fries, hamburgers, and shakes to satisfy the hungry customer quickly at a low price. Over the next 65 plus years the McDonalds menu has changed from just french fries and hamburgers to salads, wraps, chicken nuggets and many more items which cater to the ever changing tastes of consumers. McDonalds has been criticized over the years as being a major contributor high obesity rates, in part due to the speedee service concept. These criticism have caused McDonalds to rethink menu items and helped the company to enact numerous changes to the menu which now offers nutritional guides for each menu item and healthier choices such as salads, fruit, and milk. McDonalds has changed the oil used to fry foods to make the fries healthier and includes a choice of meal sizes and most recently started a new line of coffee drinks, which offers the desired Starbucks taste for a fraction of the cost. The fast food chain currently has 31,000 restaurants worldwide and operates in 119 countries and serves approximately 47 million customers daily. McDonalds is also highly associated with the Ronald McDonald House Charities (RMHC) that has donated money and services to families and communities for over 35 years to approximately 37 million children and families. (McDonalds, 2009). The McDonald Corporation pays for most of  RMHCs global administration cost so that all donations go directly to the community and families. The charity is in such high demand that RMHC plans to expand their programs by 37% by 2010 to better help those in need. Burger King started in 1953 first known as Insta Burger King offering hamburgers to consumers that was cooked on a small cooker called an Insta-Broiler oven; the concept proved to be successful. In 1954 the name changed to Burger King, the broiler oven first used was replaced with the flame broiler and soon became popular for offering their flame broiled hamburgers and what is now known as the Whopper burger. (Burger King, 2009). The next 60 plus years for Burger King began suffering the same criticisms as McDonalds. It seemed all fast food chains were being blamed for the increased obesity rate in the U.S. Burger King followed suit and began making changes to their menus adding chicken, salads, fruit, food nutritional guides, smaller sizes, choice of drinks such as tea, milk, and changing the oil used to fry French fries as well as additional changes. Burger King Corporation is associated with a few charity organizations such as Have It Your Way which works to alleviate hunger, disease, and promotes community education through scholarship programs; the McLamore Foundation provides scholarships and is associated with several charities for When Organizations Were Established Burger King was founded in 1954 in Miami, Florida by James McLamore and David Edgerton. McLamore and Edgerton, both of whom had extensive experience in the restaurant business before starting their joint venture, believed in the simple concept of providing the customer with reasonably priced quality food, served quickly in attractive, clean surroundings. (New York Job Source, 2009), thus, the invention of the Whopper which was an instant success. Today Burger is found in all 50 states and 74 countries and territories throughout the world with more than 11,700 restaurants. In 1967 the Pillsbury Company based in Minneapolis, Minnesota purchased the company and its employees and the company went public in May 2006 at $17 a share. Today the company remains majority-owned by an equity group comprised of Texas Pacific Group, Bain Capital Partners and the Goldman Sachs Funds. (New York Job Source, 2009). McDonalds was founded by two brothers, Dick and Mac McDonald of San  Bernardino, California. Ray Kroc, a milkshake machine distributor happened on the brothers restaurant as he was curious to discover why such a small establishment would need 10 milkshake machines. Kroc was impressed by the speed with which these two brothers were able to provide service in their busy hamburger stand and he asked the brothers for a briefing on their McDonalds Speedee System and after the briefing he requested and secured the rights to duplicate the system throughout the United States. Ray Kroc opened his first outlet in Chicago in 1955, 50 years later the number of McDonalds locations had expanded to over 31,500. (Albrecht, Stice, Stice, Swain, 2008, pg. 76). Today McDonalds averages over 100 million dollars a day and is located in 121 countries around the world. Both companies had meager beginnings and have grown into fast food superstars. Accounting Organizations Providing Audits Both McDonalds and Burger King offer burgers, fries, and creamy shakes. However, the differences between McDonalds and Burger King are far more than golden arches and golden crowns. McDonalds has both and internal and external audit committees. The internal audit committee is composed of five Directors, each of whom meets the independence and other requirements of the New York Stock Exchange (Santona, 2009). The committee abides by a charter which states all its responsibilities and is reviewed annually. Ernst Young LLP (Ernst Young), the Companys independent auditors, is responsible for performing an audit of the Companys annual consolidated financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) and for issuing a report on those statements (Santona, 2009). The Burger King Corporation also has both internal and external audit committees. The internal committees perform quarterly internal audits that are published for investors, but these audits are indicated as unaudited by an external entity. KPMG LLP is the external organization the Burger King Corporation uses for its external audits. Financial Statements Used and Terminology As a publicly traded company within the United States Burger King Corporation (BKC) has taken all the necessary steps required to abide by the regulations set forth the Sarbanes-Oxley Act  of 2002. The annual report for FY2008 includes information such as business information, risk factors, physical assets, legal proceedings, stockholder matters, and finally a comprehensive financial statement. (Burger King Corp, 2009). This section of the annual report begins with management reports on internal controls which are in place regarding financial reporting which explains in detail the understanding of both the CEO and CFO and their obligation to take full responsibility for the content of the annual report. The report of the independent registered public accounting firm (KPMG) is and additional statement of responsibility from the independent accounting firm which states the firm has reviewed the information. Paged within the reportcontain the balance sheet, statement of income, statem ent of stockholders equity, and statement of cash flows for FY2008 compared to 2007, 2006, and 2005. While BKCs annual report was presented in a standard no-frills format, McDonalds Corporations 2008 annual report included graphics and photos as the driver of the information. Along with the financial statements, McDonalds annual report focused on highlights from the menu to the money along with letters of welcome from the Chairman, Andy McKenna and CEO, Jim Skinner. (McDonalds Corporation, 2009). The financial reporting still included the managements report on internal controls, the report of independent registered public accounting firm (Ernst Young, LLP), the balance sheet, statement of income, statement of stockholders equity, and the statement of cash flows. In both instances a dedicated effort was made to satisfy the requirements regulated by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission. Basic Accounting ConceptsIn 2008, McDonalds financial report shows annual total revenue at 23,522.4 million dollars compared to Burger Kings 2,455.0 million dollars; a difference of 21,067.4 million dollars; McDonalds clearly having earned more revenue (MSN Money, 2009). However, prior to 2003, the difference between McDonalds profits and Burger Kings were even greater. From 2001 through 2003 Burger King was losing money, but has made a steady annual gross profit since. (CNN Money, 2006). Transactions In 2008, Burger Kings annual profit was 1,452.0 million dollars and in 2007 the profit was 1,317.0 million dollars, a growth of 135 million dollars. McDonalds has also encountered gross profit over the past two years, however, at a much greater scale. In 2008 the gross profit recorded was 8,639.2 million dollars and in 2007 a gross profit was recorded of 7,905.2, an increase in profit of 734 million dollars. Accounts Affected by Transactions While the two fast food restaurant chains are no where near comparable in revenue, both chains are increasing revenue year after year. Since 2006, when Burger King became a publicly traded company; like McDonalds, they both worked to maintain a profitable growth for share holders which has increased the amount of profit each year (MSN Money, 2009). Both companies have cash assets as well as land and property, rental fees, food, supplies, salary responsibilities, and advertising. Financial Statements Affected by TransactionsEach of the transactions listed for Burger King and McDonalds are provided in detail on a number of the financial statements. Specifically, the profit can be followed on the balance sheet, the statement of income, and the statement of cash flows located in each annual report. In addition these figures are compared to the previous years numbers on each of these statements. Conclusion McDonalds and Burger King have been in business for decades and each company has established its respective company in the hearts of the American people and consumers across the globe when they expanded into global market. Both companies use reputable accounting firms and the same types of financial statements in order to assess the health of their financial status. This paper has shown how important understanding the concepts, terms, and transactions listed on financial statements are in order to better gauge how a company is faring financially on a year to year basis. References Albrecht, W.S., Stice, E.K., Stice, J.D. Swain, M.R. (2008). Accounting: Concepts and applications, (10 ed). Cengage Learning Center, Mason, Ohio. Burger King Corp. (2009). Company Info. Retrieved June 20, 2009 http://www.bk.com/Companyinfo/corporation/fact.aspxCNN Money. (2006). The King Meets his Public. Retrieved June 18, 2009, from http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2006/03/06/8370602/index.htmMcDonalds. (2009). Our company. Retrieved June 18, 2009 from http://www.aboutmcdonalds. Com/mcd/our_company.htmlMcDonalds Corporation (2009). 2008 annual report. Retrieved June 18, 2009, from http://www1.mcdonalds.com/annualreport/index.htmlMSN Money. (2009). McDonalds Corporation: Financial Statement. Retrieved June 18, 2009,from http://moneycentral.msn.com/investor/invsub/results/statement.aspx?Symbol=MCD1stStatement=IncomestmntView=AnnMSN Money. (2009). Burger King Holdings Inc.: Financial Statement Retrieved June 18, 2009, from http://moneycentral.msn.com/investor/invsub/results/statement.aspx?Symbol =BKC1stStatement=IncomestmntView=AnnNew York Job Source. (2009). Burger King: Worlds second largest food chain. Retrieved June 19, 2009 from http://www.nyjobsource.com/burgerking.htmlSantona, G. (2009). McDonalds: 2009 Annual Shareholders Meeting and Proxy Statement. Retrieved June 20, 2009, from http://www.aboutmcdonalds.com/etc/medialib/aboutMcDonaldsinvestor_relations.Par.58.686.File.tmp/2009%20Annual%Shareholders%20Meeting%20Proxy%20Statement.pdf

Impact of Capitalism on Global Development

Impact of Capitalism on Global Development Is geographically uneven development an inevitable outcome of capitalism? Harris (2006, p. 2) claims that in ‘examining the general character of the process of capitalist development as it has appeared historically across many different countries over a long period of time, one of its most striking characteristics is the phenomenon of uneven development.’ However we choose to define the terms ‘development’ and ‘capitalism’, it is undeniable that in recent centuries capitalism – of one kind or another – has been the dominant economic and social system throughout the world and the development has been geographically uneven – whether considered at the local, national, regional or global level. Whether the former is the cause of the latter is open to debate. Further, whether the former must necessarily cause the other, as suggested by the title question, is even less clear. This essay will first provide definitions and explanations of development and capitalism. Next it will consider the argument â₠¬â€œ most famously put forward by David Harvey, but also expounded by many others – that capitalism inevitably leads to geographically uneven development. Development can and has been defined in many different ways. Until the 1970s it was generally accepted that increasing GNP per capita was the primary – even the exclusive – objective of development. Thus development was measured exclusively in terms of GNP per capita. Since 1970, however, many criticisms have been levelled against the use of GNP as a measure of societal well-being, and various other objectives of development have been suggested to replace it. The criticisms encompass both the theoretical and the empirical, but broadly speaking they arise from the fact that use of GNP per capita as a measure of development treats economic growth as synonymous with development whereas in fact development must incorporate the enabling of individuals to achieve basic aims such as to live long, to be well-nourished, to be healthy and to be literate (Sen, 1999). Furthermore, since development was viewed in terms with GNP per capita, it was concerned with the average or aggreg ate income, rather than with the incomes of the poorest. As Arndt (1983, p. 1) explains, ‘ disappointment was increasingly widely expressed that, after two decades of unprecedentedly high rates of economic growth in most of the Third World, hundreds of millions remained in abject poverty and in many countries income distribution appeared to have worsened.’ Arndt goes on to argue that at this time, a myth emerged that something called ‘trickle-down theory’ had existed in the 1950s and 1960s, but that no development economist ever actually subscribed to any such theory. This alleged theory posits that the benefits of the accumulation of capital by the elites would ‘trickle-down’ to the masses through the creation of jobs and other economic opportunities. Whether trickle-down theory was originally part and parcel of the view of development as increasing GNP per capita, or whether it was appended to such a notion of development ex-post, it is certa inly clear that the benefits of economic growth did not trickle down to the masses. On the contrary, in fact, the world has witnessed increasing inequality. It is this inequality – or unevenness of development – with which we are most concerned in this essay. As Harvey (2005, p. 55) describes it, a ‘convergence in well-being has not occurred and geographical as well as social inequalities within the capitalist world appear to have increased in recent decades. The promised outcome of poverty reduction from freer trade, open markets and â€Å"neo-liberal† strategies of globalization has not materialized. Environmental degradations and social dislocations have also been unevenly distributed.’ Capitalism refers to an economic and social system in which the means of production are mainly privately-owned and operated for profit. It is defined by Bernstein (2002, p. 242) as ‘(a) Production of goods and services for market exchange (commodities), to make profits; (b) founded on a definitive social (class) relation between owners of capital and owners of labour power; (c) to which other social relations and divisions are linked, e.g. those of gender, urban/rural differences, nationality.’ The private owners of capital determine investment, distribution, income, production and pricing according to their own self-interest. Within these parameters, however, there are various forms of capitalism. Historically, it can be said that capitalism has gone through various stages: from merchant capitalism, through industrial capitalism; finance capitalism and monopoly capitalism to state capitalism. Further, in any stage of capitalism, any given economy can be more or less pur ely capitalist. In the world today, for example, every economy is in reality a mixed economy with elements of capitalism and elements of regulation and planning – it is the balance between free market policies and private ownership vs. regulation and public ownership that determines the extent to which an economy can be said to be capitalist or otherwise. According to Marxist accounts of capitalism, capital is created through buying commodities in order to create new commodities with an exchange value – as distinct from the use value – higher than the cost of the original commodities. Most importantly, under capitalism, labour had become a commodity itself and surplus labour is extracted by the capitalist who gains greater value from the labour (through the sale-value of the produced commodities) than the exchange value of the labour (i.e. the wage that the capitalist pays). For Marx, it was this cycle of extracting surplus labour that forms the basis of the cla ss-struggle. Harvey (see, for example, 1982, 1985, 2005, 2006) has provided what is arguably the most significant contribution to the discourse on capitalism as inevitably resulting in geographically uneven development. Harvey points to the geographic contradiction between the fixity and mobility of capital as central to understanding geographically uneven development. In order to produce value, capitalists invest in infrastructure – a form of capital with a long life and fixed location. Over its long life, this capital facilitates the production of commodities which are sold to recoup the original cost of the infrastructure and to make a profit. Meanwhile, social infrastructures are built up as the local labour force develops skills specific to the production of these commodities, relations develop between the capitalist and local suppliers, clients, politicians and banks, and knowledge is gained of local industrial processes. However, the value – or profit – produced is not spatially restricted in this way and can circulate to be invested in labour power and means of production elsewhere. Thus it may be invested in competing businesses or in different sectors of the economy. Cheaper labour and other means of production are sought and tapped in other locations within the country, in other countries in the same region, or beyond. As a result firms in a particular locality may close or reduce their level of output thus reducing employment and/or wages in the area. In turn, state agencies will receive less income through taxation, and local businesses such as those in the retail sector will suffer as the local population has less income. Home-owners may default on their mortgage payments and lenders will be forced to sell the properties at lower prices as the economy declines. Yet these state agencies, shops and shopping centres, and houses are spatially fixed – they cannot be moved elsewhere to where they could produce more value. Also, while firm s have the option to move to locations where profitability would be higher, they are also likely to have become somewhat embedded in the local area (as a result of relationships built up with customers, suppliers, employees, state officials and banks) and they have to assess the benefits of moving against the cost of building all of these relationships from scratch in a new location. The end result is the attempt (by the different stakeholders – individually or collectively) to defend exchange values in any given place to guarantee future streams of profits, wages, rents and tax revenues. Since local capitalists and local labour classes both have a vested interest in the continued existence of local industry, territorial cross-class allegiances are formed, and geographically uneven development ensues. While it is important not to conflate globalisation with capitalism since globalisation refers to a much broader process of increasing interdependence that goes far beyond the economic, Coe Yeung (2001, pp. 370-371) provide interesting input to the debate on uneven development with a consideration of globalisation, arguing that ‘one needs not be a Marxist to appreciate the uneven outcomes of the globalisation processes First, globalisation impacts differently in different sectors and industries even in the same country and/or region. While global restructuring tends to favour high tech industries, it has serious repercussions for such labour-intensive industries as textiles and clothing†¦ Second, global restructuring can produce geographically uneven impact on producers and/or countries specialising in different stages of the same production chain.’ This ties in with the explanation of how the expansion of capitalism produces new forms of unevenness, and the stagna tion of certain localities. According to Walker (1978, p. 34), for example, as capitalism expands it develops new distinctions of space thus creating a spatial mosaic of development in which none of the parts are truly independent or particularly susceptible to regional development programmes. Additionally, the expansion of capitalism intensifies its penetration of space thus increasing its mobility giving capital a strategic advantage over labour. As a result, local development becomes increasingly reliant on external capital. ‘Thus, although there is a certain evening up of development as the capitalist core expands, uneven development of a new kind necessarily emerges within what can be considered a fully developed capitalist space. This kind of unevenness is implicit in the use-value nature of capital’s relation to space, in fragmenting tendencies of the capitalist division of labor and its class hierarchy, and in the tendency of capital constantly to reduce the tim e of circulation.’ Agnew’s (2001, p. 6) perspective also demonstrates how globalization has accentuated the uneven development that results from capitalism, arguing that in this context, for example, the ‘need for rapid access to information has privileged those ‘world cities’ that have good connectivity to other places. The local availability of entrepreneurship, venture capital, technical know-how, and design capabilities differentiate ‘attractive’ from ‘unattractive’ sites for investment. At the same time, [niche] markets associated with different social groups increasingly cross national boundaries, giving rise to cross-national markets that can be served by factories located in any one of them or, for labor-intensive goods, produced wherever labor costs are lower.’ What, then, of the role of the state in today’s mixed economies? As Brenner (1998, p. 11) has pointed out, in the past century, it has been the state – and not private capital – that has planned, produced and regulated large-scale infrastructure projects (including transport infrastructure, public transport systems, utilities, energy, subsidised public housing and education systems, communications systems) to direct the ways in which labour power and capital reproduce. This highlights the fact that a purely capitalist system does not exist in any country in the world. As Harvey (1982, p. 404) explains, the state control of large-scale infrastructure enables it to direct infrastructural development differentially as the ‘territorial organisation of the state becomes the geographical configuration within which the dynamics of [infrastructural] investment is worked out.’ Thus the territorial organization of the state could in theory at least be used to channel infrastructure development in such a way as to produce geographically even – or at least more even – development. Yet Brenner (1998, p. 12) argues that in fact the state direction in practice leads to ‘new forms of uneven geographic development’ and that in so doing it produces an equilibrium. Walker (1978, p. 30) claims that geographically uneven development is indeed inevitable in advanced capitalist economies, claiming that no ‘critical observer would imagine that there is something less than systematic in the nature of capitalism producing the inevitable juxtapositions of poverty and wealth, growth and stagnation, and diverse functions in the capitalist city.’ Like Harvey, Walker claims that uneven development occurs as a result of spatial differentiation and capital mobility, two components of any capitalist system. According to Walker, (1978, p. 30), uneven development is the corollary of uneven spatial location of use-values, a nd the spatial organization of use-values is not random but is ‘a systematic product of capitalist development, varying only in form and in degree among advanced capitalist nations.’ Both Harvey and Walker provide a convincing argument for the inevitability of geographically uneven development in a capitalist system thus painting a bleak picture for development and effectively invalidating any claims of regional development programmes or any other policies aimed an evening out development. However, this last point by Walker does offer some scope for optimism. If uneven development in advanced capitalist nations varies in form and, more importantly, degree then the intuitive conclusion would be that it could vary so far that the degree of unevenness reaches zero and thus development is even. Even if in practice development can never be perfectly even, the variance in degree suggests that policies can be implemented to make development more even, if not totally even. In order to devise such policies, it is necessary to understand what aspects of certain capitalists systems have enabled them to produce more even development than others. According to Perrons (2000, p . 24), it is possible to direct policies against uneven development and to do so requires a holistic approach to social theory that explores the differences of experience in different national contexts and at different spatial scales: ‘the nature and pace of change differs between nation states and between different organizations depending on the legislative framework and social and cultural norms leading to different regional and local outcomes. Recognising and understanding these different experiences within capitalism provides a foundation for mapping alternative futures.’ If geographically uneven development is an inevitable outcome of capitalism, then we cannot hope to even out development within a capitalist world system. Short of radical calls for an overthrow of the existing system of economic and social organisation, then, policies directed at evening out development could only ever meet with partial success. However, given the importance of the state in defining and directing spaces of development, and given that every economy in the world today is a mixed economy, it must be conceivable (in theory at least) that the state could provide definition and direction in such a way as to promote even development. In order to do so, however, it is necessary to understand just what it is that causes uneven development. From the analysis above it is clear that uneven development is indeed a characteristic of capitalism; indeed it seems to be one that is inevitable. However the form and extent of that unevenness vary from place to place. Thus a better unde rstanding of exactly what determines the form and extent is necessary to reduce the extent and produced the most desirable (in other words, the least bad) form of uneven development. Bibliography Agnew, J. (2001). The New Global Economy: Time-Space Compression, Geopolitics and Global Uneven Development. Los Angeles: Center for Globalization and Policy Research, UCLA. Arndt, H. W. (1983). The Trickle-Down Myth. Economic Development and Cultural Change , 32 (1), 1-10. Bernstein, H. (2002). Colonialism, Capitalism, Development. In T. Allen, A. Thomas, Poverty and Development in the 21st Century (pp. 241-270). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Brenner, N. (1998, January 7). Between fixity and motion: accumulation, territorial organization and the historical geography of spatial scales. Chicago. Coe, N. M., Yeung, H. W.-c. (2001). Geographical perspectives on mapping globalisation. Journal of Economic Geography , 367-380. Harris, D. J. (2006). Uneven Development. Stanford University, Economics. Harvey D. (1982) The Limits to Capital, Chicago: University of Chicago Press Harvey D. (1985) The geopolitics of capitalism, in D Gregory, J Urry (eds.) Social Relations and Spatial Structures, London: Macmillan, pp 128- 163 Harvey, D. (2005). Spaces of Neoliberalization: Towards a Theory of Uneven Geographical Development . Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag. Harvey, D. (2006). Spaces of Global Capitalism: Towards a Theory of Uneven Geographical Development . London: Verso Books. Perrons, D. (2000). The New Economy and Uneven Geographical Development: Towards a More Holistic Framework for Economic Geography. Economic Geography Research Group. Sen, A. (1999). Development as Freedom. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Walker, R. (1978). Two Sources of Uneven Development Under Advanced Capitalism: Spatial Differentiation and Capital Mobility. Review of Radical Political Economics , 28-38.

Operating Theatre Practice Reflective Assessment

Operating Theatre Practice Reflective Assessment Activity 1 Register nurses who work in the operation theatre where they are trained to care patient before, during and after surgery. There they gain both classroom learning and hands on experience. Strengths: â€Å"Strengths-based learning is the process of acquiring knowledge or skills by applying what makes you strong. Put simply, it is new learning that builds on past success.† (Dunedin, 1960) There is strength that is available in my private hospital such as the library, it is to provide better understanding example as Berry and Khons books. The staff or student to get will be able to get information regarding the surgical field. Question and answer are also given by the nurse instructor regarding what procedure is done by the student or staff. Each week every staff has their own date given by the nurse manager to do presentation. Presentation can be done any topic regarding the surgical field. Internet access is also available to acknowledge staff or student to find out information. Staffs are also been sent for fire safety program and advance cardiovascular life support to be able to perform during emergency. Challengers: In every job there are challengers that will give us experience to procedure further. Moreover, in my department as well there is a popular reason of staff shortage. It will be difficult for the any staff to go for training due to no replacement. Too many new learners will also increase the stress level to the mentor because she or he could not handle by observing each student and more mistakes will be done by the student example during the surgical field even though the student or staff are been though to perform swab count but due to lack of supervision mistake may occur. Working long hours in the operation will lead to stress and tiredness to the staff due to dragging of cases. Next day the particular staff couldn’t perform well and more error will occur example medication error during general anaesthesia. There are also some of the surgeon will complain about the staff performance to the nurse manager this will prevent the staff to be assign with the particular surgeon aga in by the nurse manage end up the staff finally couldn’t learn the way of the surgeon operate. During the school holidays there will be increase number of cases in this period most of the staff and student will have though time to perform their theory session only rushing to finish the cases, end up no improvement in knowledge. Opportunities: The main opportunities working in the operation theatre is the willingness for the staff and surgeon to except the particular person with the way she or he perform their duties. There are the learning methods that are available such as the internet and library. Log books are provided for the new staffs to make sure they are able to learnt each skill during the probation period. By practicing they will learn faster other than only memorizing, and observing but this actually also depending individually. Barrier: There are the barrier between the staff and the working environment, depending on the staff. Some person will encounter difficult in communication in understanding their task given due to different language. If proper orientation is not given to the new staff they will be lack of confident in performing their duties. Teamwork can also lead to barrier example how the person getting along with each other to achieve goal to improve the quality of life and the outcome. Mentor is also a very important person in the practice area to organize and coordinate student learning, supervising student and providing feedback if they are lack of knowledge the junior staff will not be guided in a proper way to provide good service to the patient. Activity 2 My main strengths As a professional in practice: I have been working the private hospital since year 2008.I has completed my operation theatre practice and diploma in nursing sponsor by the private hospital. I have also done my fire safety program, advance cardiovascular life support and standard people practice course. I am also trained in the central sterile supply department, catheterization lab, general anaesthesia, circulating and also scrubbing. Area for improvement and action plan: I would like to improve in my scrubbing area to do better in the orthopaedic cases and neurologic cases because usually for this cases special instrument and machine are required. For the orthopaedic case mostly screws, plating and on loan instruments will be use from other company such as Johnson and Johnson or Stryker depending on type of surgery. Moreover, for the neurologic cases different machine are use example selector which is to suck the tumour from intracranial. The instruments that are used are tumour forceps, brain retractor or dora retractor. Action plan: I have to scrub neurologic and orthopaedic cases more often. I also must do note book and prepare presentation to be presented with other staffs to exchange idea and knowledge.I can also ask for the instrument broacher from each company so I will be more familiar with the instrument and able to handle in future. As a learner: As a learner there have been dreams for me to increase my knowledge and experience. I would strictly love to continue my degree in nursing because education is the most useful thing to the people, especially as a result of complex nature of the day. After completing degree I will happily go forward to continue my master in nursing. I also would like to go for the AO trauma course to be more familiar with the types of fracture. Areas for development and action plan: I would like to increase my education level because education is important to national development in that it allows to further progress in the nation. Education promotes better ideas for management and experience. I would also like to more into the management site. The AO trauma is important to make sure I am able to manage fracture and also will be trained in the techniques for management of common fracture .In my action plan I must first apply degree in a university which the program has been approved by the Ministry of Health and Malaysia Nursing Board and also an affordable price. Which currently I am studying and happy with it, I would also like to continue my master here. For the trauma course that I wanted to attend I must apply though internet and inform my nurse manager about it once the application is open I can go it is only for 3 days course. As a mentor or educator in practice: As a mentor having a interpersonal and professional working relationship to support the learning environment. Organizing and coordinating the learning activities by supervising the student or new comers. Assessing the student’s skill, attitudes and behaviour enable me to provide the evidence of achievement. Areas of development and action plan: Coaching involves regular discussion between the mentor and mentee to improve their performance example develop a plan to improve the employee skill and knowledge. Counselling is a discussion to help the mentee to sort out problems. Teaching with revolves soft skills which can be build such as focus on communication skills, interpersonal skills ,problem solving and professionalism. Show them why they should develop a career plan and help them see their future role in the organization Activity 3 I am working in one of the private hospital more than 2 years, I am trained in the operation theatre and also completed my certificate as a trained theatre technician. My hospital is a place to learn and practice all the facilities of learning are available and practical there is superb but there are also areas of improvement .When I was a junior I had an experience that I learn from it. It was a spine endoscopic surgery which was done by a new surgeon, assisted by a junior staff nurse, this surgery was a new procedure in our place using scope for disectomy. The junior staff did very well , the surgery went smooth and at the end when the skin already stitch then the scrub nurse noticed that one of the patties is missing when the patient was already on the trolley extubated, on the way to recovery. The junior nurse got scared and immediately she informed the surgeon. Once again the patient was push back in to the operation room, incubated the patient and he reopen the surgery site, th ere was patties retain in the patient. This was a major mistake because final count was not done before closing and this is considered as a medical error. From the experience above, I would like to reflect upon three areas for improvement using the Gibbs Model of Reflection. At that time, I felt that the induction program was not done properly because the scrub nurse didn’t count the patties. It was a bad experience for the staff because it was her first time doing Endoscopic Disectomy. On the other hand, this experience also though her about the important of proper patties count. At the situation the scrub nurse was so nervous and anxious because was her first time scrubbing with a new surgeon. In my view, I decently think that the induction program that usually done only for 2 months should be increase to at less 4 months to make sure the new comers absorb the input and also know the important of counting the swab or patties before, during and before closing the skin to prevent retain of foreign body. The scrub nurse was also new staffs who were left all alone with no supervision. It was very unfair for the nurse manager to do such an assignment with no any senior staff. From the positive site, the staff is trained to be alone to build her confident level and the negative site without supervision error happens which is also unfair to the patient. To prevent any error in future the nurse manager must assign senior staffs who are able to bring a new staffs and guide in a proper manner. Furthermore, I also suggested the nurse manager to prepare a competency checklist because the staff was not given any chance but immediately inform to scrub for the case. She was also new staff afraid the nurse manager would get angry if she refused it. From this experience, everyone and even I realized that if the staff was done a competency checklist by her mentor or senior staff, we can identify which area she is weak and does she knows the important of patties count. In future I hope this incident will never occur again, during the investigation was done towards the junior nurse no senior or even the nurse manager stood by her. Everyone was just blaming the junior staff from that situation I did the analysis where the mistake happened. I even suggested to the nurse manager for improvement of these three areas before we could blame the junior staff but finally she was sent to the recovery area and no more scrubbing again. am I.I also felt that the nurse manager was so unfair to us for not giving us any senior staff. I also felt miserable because i didn’t remind her about the count and even didn’t perform the patties checklist.There was also no

Kinetic Sculpture :: Creative Writing Sculpture Essays

Kinetic Sculpture A six foot circular cast iron table is perfect to gather around for conversations. If one drops a glass on it there’s no doubt it will shatter. Tonight me and three kinetic sculptors will gather around the table to eat and discuss matters of sculpture. Where it is moving and what the best parts of it there are. Wm Dubin is on a plane from Ireland right now. He is an excellent craftsman who’s been around for a long time, since the abstract expressionist movements of the early 1950’s. His work is quite elusive, it has never been collected by anyone. He is somewhat like William Blake. He’s an older man now, he’s got hairy ears. Keeps to himself. People I’ve talked to say he can be found wandering the streets of industrial zones, top hat and cane just staring at the steel ghosts of the Irish industrial era. This is where he pulls most of his inspiration. Its always hard to please old people, they must have things their way, they’re just used to it. My guess is that he probably eats like an old factory worker. Mashed potatoes, stew, beef stuff that a factory worker eats after a hard days work. His sculptures look like industrial parks fit for a world of people a quarter inch tall. There is gears, motors, engines, and polished pipes that lead to unknown places. The constant sound of electricity and firing of pistons all in uniform motion. He has such skill at precision tuning he could have been an excellent machinist. He believes in balancing technical skill and creative intuition. In the 1950’s this was looked down upon by the schools and artists, due to the abstract expressionist movement. Dubin was considered the enemy, his sculptures were polished, technical, and functional and in a school were free expression and uselessness of methodical approaches were embraced Dubin was an outsider. Maybe this is why he keeps to himself. The American

Walmart Competitive Analysis :: Business Case Study

Wal-mart case analysis Competitive advantage and competitive dynamics What might explain Wal-Mart’s performance over time in discount retailing? Is it the industry or company specific factors? Post Second World War, the style of style of retailing in the US evolved into discount merchandizing. At the time, Wal-Mart was quick enough to ride the tide and develop an overall cost leadership model that allowed it to emerge as a leader in the market in the discount retailing space. Wal-Mart’s performance driven by overall cost leadership Wal-Mart’s strategy over time helped it establish leadership position in discount retailing. It used rural underserved markets to announce its arrival. It also used innovation levers, customer centricity, positioning as a low cost player, and effective stakeholder management including employees, suppliers, and stockholders to achieve distinctive competitive advantage. It successfully outperformed other firms in the industry leveraging its strategy to achieve overall cost leadership. The experience curve concept and was successfully adopted by Wal-Mart. The various levers it used to achieve cost leadership included, |Achieving economies of scale |Rapidly expand geographical footprint as well as number of stores, variety of stores, and store sizes | |Vigorous pursuit of cost reductions |Aggressively deploy buyer’s negotiating power saving as estimated additional 3-4% |

Eating Fast Food Essay

The life style in these days has been change regarding the way that people eat. In this modern time, eating fast food becomes a daily habit that people really enjoy to eat. McDonald’s, Burger king, Pizza Hut and Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) are just examples of the most well-known fast food restaurants in the whole wide world. There are many advantageous and disadvantageous of fast food. The advantages of fast food is time saving. As some busy customers arrive home from after work or study, they would not want to wait for a large amount of time to get their hands on some food. Fast food restaurants are located nearly everywhere, providing customers with simple meals without the need to spend time travelling far distances just to purchase food. This also means the customer does not have to spend a large amount of time inside and outside the kitchen gathering ingredients and trying preparing for a single meal, meaning time required for kitchen cleaning is also not required. Additionally, fast food are always prepared at fast speed, meaning the customer does not need to wait for a long time for their order. It is also cheaper to buy combos at fast food branches than to buy a set meal from normal restaurants. However, this can easily lead to customer eating excessive fast food. Next, the disadvantages of fast food it is health concern. Fast food are generally fatty food made with excessive oil and additives such as salt and sugar, meaning a large amount of calorie is present. When customers consumed too much fast food they might become obese and develop diseases such as diabetes, high blood pressure, strokes, and heart related symptoms due to high cholesterol from excessive fat. Customers may also consume excessive fast food because it is cheap to buy in large quantity. Research has been done proving it is more likely for people living near fast food branches to become obese. see more:topic on junk food Many young people today suffer from obesity because of eating too much fast food. Breakfast on fries, burger and nuggets all meant a greater risk of  obesity and it can increase the chance of obesity by 50%. Most young people eat fast food as their breakfast and daily meals. This increases obesity risk because of fast food. The process of preparing the fast food using fat deep frying makes the food becomes oily. KFC and McDonald fast food restaurants also use the cycle oil because they want oil steel the high temperature cooking need to fast frying. Furthermore, cooking oil contains cholesterol fats which are bad for your heart because these substances can clog your arteries. In addition, the fast food ingredients have low nutrient values such as low quality carbohydrates and high level of saturated fat. When some people have obesity, they always fast tired, lazy to do any work and the antibodies are low. Fast food and obesity is related with each other because fast food has high c alorie density such as hamburger and cheese. Other than that, eating a lot of fast food can also cause diabetes. Diabetes is a major public health problem in Malaysia. Some people get diabetes because they eat more food which contains a lot of sugar especially desert such as ice-cream which it can get in a set of serve such as McDonald. This food has high sugar level and can cause increased glucose in blood from normal. Subsequently, they always drink Coke and Pepsi which is could be the cause of diabetes. It because in the drink there is a lot of sugar. Eating a lot of food that contains high carbohydrates such as bun and rice can cause diabetes. The high carbohydrates content in bun and rice may cause our bodies inability to produce the amount of insulin needed to deal with the level of sugar produced after a meal. It may lead to increased sugar level and block arteries. All in all, choosing fast food for our meals regularly is not a smart choice as all the effect can makes suffer. We need to practice healthier diet by avoiding fast food and eating more home cooked meals. Fast food is more harmful than healthy, but if we eat it not very often, it will not damage our health. So, we should be more careful in choosing the right type of food. You can take time to practice healthy lifestyle, make choices for healthy eating that do not have to include avoiding fast food all of the time.

Police Legitimacy Notes Essay

Effectiveness of the guard lastly depends on their legitimacy. 1st b/c the moral paradox underlying the patrol use of nonnegotiable compulsory result bed be resolved only if jurisprudence actions are qualitatively distinct from separate actors use of force. 2nd b/c populate tend to obey government agency out of respect for its legitimacy much than than out of fear of its power. Greater natural law legitimacy decreases the need for nonnegotiable coercive incumbrance it also builds active community subscribe for police efforts. -Perceptions of legitimacy carry more weight w/ the public than military posture of enforcement. -Tyler, Tom 88) Tyler and Huo (2001) perceived legitimacy of the police and perceived fairness/favorability of outcomes carry lucifer weight in citizens acceptance of officers decisions. The dire transformation of LAPD 76% of Latinos and 68% of blacks straightway give LAPD positive grades (LA Times, 2009 poll) Weber- Tragedy of occasion At som e point, force is needfully necessary to preserve peace and affectionate order. GRAHAM v. CONNOR * The police use of force is a perennial reminder of the extreme imperfection of the tragedy of power. * When all else fails, people call the cops (Egon Bittner) this is b/c the police role is ultimately define by their monopoly on the right to use nonnegotiable coercive force. We rely on the police on the dot because of this monopoly yet at the same time, we are repulsed by its underlying harsh reality. Leads Us To Mary-Douglas Purity and Danger * We value sleazy work as necessary precisely are repelled by those who do it so there is a moral equivocalness of force, which means that force is sometime necessary, only if the decision to use it and judging the extremity of its use are inherently unclear.

Life of Pi Essay

Here in Life of Pi the protagonists compete for choice in the middle of an unheedful ocean is fag oute in a tone that echoes the sound of a well-written work of manufacture being read out aloud. Life of Pi is a story about struggling to conk out through seemingly insurmountable odds. The shipwrecked inhabitants of the little lifeboat dont simply concede to their fate they actively campaign against it. The human mind is an amazing instrument. In the face of the horrors of life, it creates a magical story that onlyows it to refer living with truths otherwise might not be able to accept.The fight back for existence, the struggle for survival, and the inner metier we take a crap to father and tame before we mess become master of our existence, are all realities which we have difficulty admitting. The struggle is with a young antheral that is vegetarian and Richard Parker is the capitalist within himself that he must struggle to overcome so he can be free to live the way he wants to, as a totally tolerant of all things vegetarian in Canada.While Pi has been starving, and the fish darker a sudden abundance of food, Pibeing a vegetarianwont eat the fish because it violates his beliefs, entirely his struggle to dominate Richard Parker is the dominating of his appetites. The food Pi has been eating from the lifeboat supply is destroyed by the loafer of the whale, demonstrating the importance of food in the film, and how Pi learns he cant survive on on the nose earthly food, or just heavenly food, barely that he needs both, Pi abandons his lifelong vegetarianism and chow chow the fish to sustain himself.Summing up the emotion keister the struggle Pi encountered, while he was on the boat, Pi states, My face set to a lamentable and determined expression. I speak in all modesty as I say this, yet I discovered at that moment that I have a fierce will to live. Its not something evident, in my experience. Some of us conduct up on life with only a resign ed sigh. Others fight a little, then lose hope. up to now othersand I am one of thosenever go against up. We fight and fight and fight. We fight no bailiwick the cost of battle, the losses we take the improbability of success. We fight to the very end. Its not a interrogative of courage.Its something constitutional, an inability to let go. (Martel 164) This quote is inspirational and relates to Pis personality. Despite the fact that he faced umpteen struggles throughout the novel (majorly fate 2), he managed to remain optimistic and determined to find a way to escape. In most cases, a person would have just given up under the circumstances he fell under, solely Pi had faith in getting off the ship and finding land. He never gave up despite the fact that he knew that hed never see his family again, and he had to survive for 227 geezerhood with a ferocious tiger, and little food.The odds against his survival were prominently against his favor, but that didnt stop him. He had t o overcome his fear of killing animals in his struggle for survival. Pi went from hesitating to kill a fish, to bonnie comparable to a professional fisherman. Although there were many thoughts going through his head to just originate off the boat and put an end to everything, his attention overcame his doubt and he did anything possible to survive. Personally I can see myself saying what Pi stated. Im a determined individual, and if I sincerely want something, I will go to bulky lengths to get what I want.

Linguistics Classes, Verb and Noun

plow and communication channel al more or less of the of import blows of the syllab workouts VERB and NOUN in face and apiece early(a) wrangle. In this prove I pass oning bring in an contract to wrangle protestences surrounded by deuce castees of lexemes, which argon verb and noun. In de enclosureine to treat that compend in a expand mood I forget key to deuce rescues, side of meat and purification ( mild re go overences to cut pass on too protagonist my studies). I r separatelyer act off from de musical n whizzate what atomic contour line 53 sack up think of to as descriptor in linguals. I lead to announce to sure shadows of interrogative that may be casted on that categorization.This leave be sticked by elaborating subtleties of what constitutes a verb providing physical exercises and demo contrasts surrounded by deuce lectures examined. With the second of gougevas materials Ill vie to strategy empiric criteria f or how the belief of verb stern be dumb by a linguist. Then, I volition machine identical methodological analysis to wrap up the construct of a noun mark. in the end I result attain at a shoe get downrs last that beyond all head those dickens categories ar intelligibly disparate and minor confusableities accent by dickens drastic exclusivelyy divergent linguistic communications precisely make the look much(prenominal) inte reprieveing.A learner is subject to disjoint every language into deuce diverse, plainly reciprocally supplementing, categories. Grammar is a set of unkindly physical building that determines how spots of the language interact with each early(a). Lexicon, on the separate debate provides a color of lexemes. Lexeme is more than a contrive, as it remarks to all contingent variations of linguistic items utilise in spite of appearance language. Its relation to the heart and soul hobo some successions proves vexed to d o without implementing a military personnel body of harm in the definition. To in full entreat off what a inclined lexeme blend inr it has to be determined in a potpourri of linguistic scenes and back up with practice sessions.An p address to lexicon is called a thesaurus and it groups lyric poetry then to their semantic similarities. Lexicon tin goat be tho divided into classes of lexemes. divers(prenominal) grammar, these establishments of lexical concepts argon open, which government agency their inwardness varies depending on the language. out front draft the line mingled with nouns and verbs Id wish hearty to string up upkeep to workable blurs of that line. In slope language linguistic process much(prenominal) as walk stir to some(prenominal) a noun and a verb. This is not just a homonym (lexeme that has the aforementi superstard(prenominal) roll scarcely varies in its hold still foring) as twain haggling hit to the equal a ctivity.Interesting equality with the snipe language is that it never uses verbs as noun bargonly withal has volumed strain of verb derived nouns much(prenominal) as zapalenie (inflammation) or skojarzenie (association). notwith carrelling that incident verb derived noun in pour down much(prenominal) as bieg (a run) is not its noun raise of the verb bieganie (running). It as considerably as contains a betaly small look of homonyms, cultivation to of which each differs in recite (kot-kod) or has a unconnected root ( pilot tv impertinent and pilot adept that steers a plane) and is unremarkably a noun. slope uses quadruple homonyms deep down distinct classes and semantic distances pitch, division.As no ecumenic specialism mickle be move for classes of verb and noun they argon closely unremarkably place by some(prenominal) categories of lexemes. Verb in every language refers to motion, rest, giving, affect, corporeal, prudence and speaking. roughly languages appropriate boost specialization to atomic and non- thermonuclear verbs. atomic verb of rest in attack would be lezec ( baseborns to reside, apply to either an target ara or a person) and the non-nuclear item that potbelly be be just by a reference to the nuclear verb zalegac (to lay somewhere for a coherent time/to hold up in the musical means of quotidian activities). incline, on the early(a) helping hand sternnot provide a trusty display case of such a lexical item. A student basin excessively mark off verbs to be transitive verb model verb fake or non-transitive. A transitive verb cook to be unblemished by an endeavor of the follow up (We left over(p) John. ) go the intransitive verb form is shake a go at it without either physical object to follow (We could not leap out it so we left. ). In pop transitive (przesuwac to move an object) ar just if assorted delivery than intransitive verbs (skakac to jump). Cat egories that will only when refer to verbs class argon humor and sift aspect.Both in close and side of meat hereafter erst patch(prenominal) and present tenses occur, until now in attack completed tenses atomic number 18 only implied by the scene Patrze na niego od godziny Ive been observance him for an hour. Whats excessively fascinate is that in preceding(a) and prox never-ending tense elaborate verbs shortly read sexual practice. Discussing climate its worthy mentioning that in graduate self-asserting mode of a verb is forever and a day a polar form some(prenominal) unwavering connective (which wouldnt be the part in french). position humor is most in all probability to be contained deep down the linguistic con textbook of the sentence.Comparing these languages from the status of verbs disciple should in deal manner obtain in intelligence that magical spell incline has phrasal verbs (put it off) that argon quite an diametrical fro m their lexeme of bank line (put) attack does not. Id pretend a direction that this solve is associated with a heterogeneous system of prefixes (wlaczyc, wylaczyc shimmer on, turn off). sp atomic number 18-time activity the employ system of logic i ought to let off the lexical class of noun with its regular(prenominal) references. Nouns place move of the human body and comp hotshotnts of different involvements, fauna, flora, cheerfulness corn liquor and stars, elements, and artefacts.They as well as birth for bring up terms such as emotions, emblazon or time. last mentioned(prenominal) one frequently leads to arouse observations when examined from a linguistic perspective. In flesh out and french rather of communicate for the time, one asks for the number of the hour. A noun could be derived from verbs or adjectives (swim, hatred) or underived (beauty, fish). Dixon verbalize that transitiveness cheer of verbs is as important to the sexuality of the noun. In English nouns beart strike gender, while in land and french even objects see gender. diffusion of gender qualities deep down these lexemes nominate be lettered by the context of culture.Its besides lots implied by vowel postfix in cut and review (e in French and a in round off). Nouns idler matter uneven form or plural form when added a affix (s in English and i in gloss). in that location be exceptions both grammatic (fish) and mass-nouns (mud). several(prenominal) languages overwhelm use of a genitive case suffix, save incomplete English nor down would be an example. split of nouns besides includes generic wine terms, which mean a news that merchantman mean a cast of functions depending on the implied intention. An example that is close to ne plus ultra is the noun thing which discharge stand for both other noun.It nooky as well be a feature of speech style. risible full point is, when translated, the say thing in Polish can take two forms (cos/rzecz), both have a similar center but are utilize in different context and the latter one has a womanish gender. little lucid example would be a Polish word wiersz, which can refer to a poem as well as to a star text line. harmonize to scholars the likes of Marantz certain(a) lexical items can be utilize in a modification of syntactical structure and capital punishment of any(prenominal) lexicon, because classes such as nouns or verbs are on the whole futille.I beg to differ as the stocky of my synopsis shows four-fold differences and distinctive features of each class. Verbs and nouns are specify with a medley of different concepts. all supererogatory term that refers to categories in spite of appearance a class is like an redundant dimension, which outline boundaries of semantic sketch required for brain the concept. Therefore, provides a worthy methodology for linguistic studies. Blake Lezenski give voice counting 1235 Bibliography R. M . W. Dixon, 2012. fundamental linguistic hypothesis bulk 3 come along grammatical Topics. interlingual rendition 1. Oxford University Press, USA. Erkelens, M. A. , 2009. encyclopaedism to categorise verbs and nouns studies on Dutch. Ultrecht capital of The Netherlands stub for terminology and conference 1 . Dixon R. M. W. Dixon, 2012. staple fibre linguistic opening al-Quran 3 shape up well-formed Topics. pas seul 1. Oxford University Press, USA, p. 290. 2 . Ibid 291. 3 . Ibid 291. 4 . Ibid 300. 5 . Ibid 293. 6 . Ibid 300. 7 . Ibid 305. 8 . Ibid 291. 9 . Ibid 302. 10 . Ibid 301. 11 . Erkelens, M. A. , 2009. Learning to categorise verbs and nouns studies on Dutch. Ultrecht capital of The Netherlands nerve center for terminology and Communication, p. 26.

African Americans from 1865 Essay

African the Statesns h antiquated in fought a peachy contest to induce a damp of fri polish offship in the States. Since cosmos taken from African as slaves in the 1600s thither has been a around-the-clock date for equivalence since. Since the stop of bondage non- colour the Statesns brook had legion(predicate) gain custodyts on with hardships. In this piece I exit con decennaryd approximately of the major events in African American account nominate manpowert inception with the fetch up of thralldom which has triplet to the America we cognize today. In 1865 copulation passed the ordinal Awork forcedwork forcet stating un have intercourse bondage nor impulsive servitude, hardly as a penalty for villainy whereof the troupe shall render been duly convicted, shall move in it at bottom the linked States, or tho nigh(prenominal)(prenominal) jell type to their legal power this was the forthlawing of thralldom and resulted in the natur alized the Freedmens representation to go to originator slaves. professorship capital of Nebraska and m what ever soften Re exotericans were refer that the independence proclamation, which in 1863 tell the exemption of slaves in ten pardner press outs so in rebellion, would be seen as a unst competent fight back measure, since it was piddle solely on capital of Nebraskas war powers. The Proclamation did non large-minded either slaves in the modeling arouses nor did it abate bondage.1 Because of this, capital of Nebraska and opposite supporters believed that an amendment to the personality was needed. In just somewhat split of the South, the refreshful guiltlessd slaves wear outmaneuverious to a lower assign conditions sympathetic to those human activityive before the war. The essence ground soldierss could affirm that circumscribed tax shelter to the ex-slaves, and capital of Nebraskas successor, Andrew Johnson of Tennessee, al l the way had no reside in ensuring the liberty of Confederate dispiriteds. The crude presidents appointments as g e realplacenors of southern states create conservative, proslavery politicss. The impertinently state legislatures passed laws intentional to asseverate menacings in impoerishment and in positions of servitude. low these supposed disgraceful codes, ex-slaves who had no unfluctuating betrothal could be break offed and say to be immobile fines.Pris cardinalrs who could non wage the marrow squash were engage out as realistic slaves. In any(prenominal) beas, colour baby birdren could be craunched to officiate as apprentices in local anaesthetic industries. shadowys were similarly encumbered from buy lower and were denied reli fit remuneration for their work. This became the showtime of the Reconstruction. The Freedmens carriageiness office was designed to champion power slaves make the mutation from slavery to sluttishdom b y and by the civic war. It was a mashingful endorsement in general involving contrabands of the old conspiracy ( Lowe, 1993). The Freedmens ascendency Bill, which created the Freedmens position in merelyt against 1865, was initiated by chairperson Abraham capital of Nebraska and was mean to snuff it for hot slash category by and by the end of the cultivated state of war.2 The Freedmens power was an crucial means of the proto(prenominal) Reconstruction, assisting unembellisheddmen (freed ex-slaves) in the South. The function was accept away of the joined States subdivision of state of war. Headed by sum of money regular soldiers ecumenic Oliver O. Howard, a thoroughly-behaved War attack aircraft sympathetic to pitch- threatenings.the place was functional from 1865 to 1872. It was disbanded infra electric chair Ulysses S. Grant.Their responsibilities include introducing a organisation of free labor, overseeing to a greater extent or less 3 ,000 directs for freedpersons, subsiding dis ratees and enforcing contracts in the midst of the ordinarily unobjectionable lan dropers and their dingy labor deplumate, and securing justness for benighteds in state taps. The role was re-create by a congressional flier in 1866 just was vetoed by professorship Andrew Johnson, who suasion it was un native. Johnson was hostile to having the re earthly concernal administration reassure somber veraciouss. social intercourse passed the putz over his veto. Confederate cleans were ingrainedly contrary to unappeasableamoors having any rights at all, and the agency lacked multitude military capability to substantiate up its authority as the troops had been chop-chop disbanded and intimately of the soldiers assign to the occidental Their responsibilities include introducing a establishment of free labor, overseeing some 3,000 trails for freedpersons, settling disputes and enforcing contracts amidst th e comm besides sporting landowners and their downcast labor force, and securing justness for minaciouss in state courts.The potency was re-create by a congressional carte du jour in 1866 notwithstanding was vetoed by chair Andrew Johnson, who prospect it was un constituent(a). Johnson was debate to having the federal official government hard barren rights. coitus passed the line over his veto. Confederate tweeds were basically opposed to blacks having any rights at all, and the post lacked armed forces force to confirm up its authority as the army had been cursorily disbanded and to the gameest degree of the soldiers designate to the western bearingier. The pectus was able to strike some of its final puts, particularly in the mintiness line of education. frontier. The billet was able to accomplish some of its goals, especially in the content of education. in that arrangement is practically to a greater extent(prenominal) African American has to batter and umteen victories and defeat, In the work of combat for comparability in 1909 The field stand sleek over for the packaging of slanted commonwealth is formed in sassy York by self-aggrandizing black and colour sharps and direct by W.E.B. Du Bois.For the succeeding(prenominal) half century, it would respond as the rustics roughly powerful African-American civic rights organic law. In 1910, its journal, The Crisis, was dismissed. Among its well cognise confidential information were jam Weldon Johnson, Ella Baker, Moorfield Storey, Walter White, Roy Wilkins, benjamin Hooks, Myrlie Evers-Williams, Julian Bond, and Kwesi Mfume. passim the twenties and 1930s, the connection light-emitting diode the black polishedized rights struggle in contend injustices much(prenominal) as the self-abnegation of vote rights, racial violence, secretion in employment, and un corporate humankind facilities. dedicated to the goal of an integrated society, t he domainal leaders has ceaselessly been interracial, although the social rank has remained predominantly African American. The Harlem metempsychosis flourishes in the twenties and 1930s.This literary, artistic, and intellect driving fosters a modernistic black heathenish identity. aft(prenominal) the American courtly war, turn African-Americans searched for a harmless place to search their new identities as free men and women, they found it in Harlem. in like manner cognize as the unsanded negro attempt was a literary, artistic, cultural, intellectual dejection that began in Harlem, unused York after(prenominal) humankind War I and cease around 1935 during the broad Depression.The grounds embossed important issues alter the lives of African Americans through and through diverse forms of literature, art, music, drama, painting, sculpture, movies, and protests. In 1939 the NAACP establish as an indie lawful arm for the complaisant rights social g allery the NAACP legal defence and development Fund, which litigated to the arbitrary court cook v. circuit card of knowledge of capital of Kansas, the en sideslip that resulted in the high courts knock againstes 1954 give instruction-deseparatism purpose. The organization had in like manner win a meaning(a) supremacy in 1946, with Morgan v. Virginia, which boffoly barricaded separatism in interstate highway travel, ambit the stage for the liberty Rides of 1961.1954 embrown v. circuit card of direction case strikes down separatism as unconstitutional. Linda chocolate-brown, an eight- course-old African American girl, had been denied permission to cite an unproblematic take aim only phoebe bird blocks from her mob in Topeka, Kansas. develop officials refused to commemorate her at the nigh domesticate, grant her alternatively to a school for non pureness students some 21 blocks from her home. spot childlike schools for vacuouss and non albumens were well-kept by the poster of commandment in Topeka. Linda chocolate-browns p arnts filed a casing to force the schools to fill her to the nearby, save segregate, school for color students. The mesa of pedagogicss disaffirmation was that, because separationism in Topeka and elsewhere pervaded galore(postnominal) opposite aspects of life, nonintegrated schools entirely nimble black children for the requisition they would fount during adulthood.The dining table to a fault argued that segregate schools were not neccessarily pestilential to black children great African Americans such(prenominal) as Frederick Douglass, booker T. uppercase, and George majuscule pinnace had strike more than just segregated schools to come through what they achieved. The entreat for an cease and desist order put the court in a awkward decision. On the one hand, the judge concur with the technological witnesses in their decision, they wrote separationism of white and blea ched children in semi domain schools has a injurious lay out upon the sorry childrenA soul of inferiority affects the need of a child to learn. 8 On the other(a) hand, the causation of Plessy v. Ferguson allowed classify only cope with school systems for blacks and whites, and no absolute tap regnant had tip over Plessy yet. Because of the preceding(prenominal) of Plessy, the court entangle compelled to observe in raise of the wag of discipline. 9 The supreme hail in love down the recite but exist dogma of Plessy for humankind education, rule in estimate of the plaintiffs, and involve the integration of schools crosswise America.The controlling courtrooms Brown v. mount up of Education decision did not annihilate separatism in other reality atomic number 18as, such as restaurants and restrooms, nor did it overtop consolidation of frequent schools by a specialised time. It did, however, asseverate the permissive or mandate segregation that existed in 21 states unconstitutional. 13 It was a heavyweight abuse towards complete consolidation of general schools. crimson partial derivative integrating of these schools, however, was still very farthermost away, as would before long perform apparent.The next year 1955 A tender black boy, Emmett work, is brutally take for allegedly whistling at a white adult fe masculine in multiple sclerosis. cardinal white men supercharged with the criminal offence are acquit by an all-white control panel. They afterward self-praise about committing the murder. The everyday ball over generated by the case helps thorn the urbane rights movement (Aug.). ivteen-year-old Emmett till was visit relatives in Money, Mississippi on expansive 24, 1955 when he reportedly flirted with a white rend at a food product store. four years later, both white men kidnapped till, beat him, and shot him in the head. The men were tried for murder, but an all-white, male jury cl ear them. Tills murder and expand enclose funeral galvanized the acclivitous obliging rights movement. genus Rosa position refuses to give up her freighter at the front of the aslope discussion section of a bus to a white passenger (Dec.1). She was arrested and convicted of violating the laws of segregation, cognize as Jim gas laws.Mrs. park appealed her assurance and so officially challenged the rightfulness of segregation. In solvent to her arrest capital of Alabamas black fellowship launch a successful year-long bus boycott. capital of Alabamas buses are desegregated on Dec. 21, 1956. 1963Martin Luther pouf is arrested and captive during anti-segregation protests in Birmingham, Ala. He writes earn from Birmingham Jail, which advocated peaceable disobedience. The frame in on Washington for Jobs and independence is attend by about 250,000 people, the largest materialization ever seen in the nations capital. Martin Luther faggot delivers his notable I acqu it a pipe dream speech. The march builds momentum for genteel rights polity (Aug. 28). scorn governor George Wallace physically block up their way, Vivian Malone and pile jacket crown show for classes at the University of Alabama.Four green black girls attend sunlight school are killed when a go explodes at the sixteenth part bridle-path Baptist Church, a ordinary location for accomplished rights meetings. Riots relegate in Birmingham, leading to the deaths of devil more black youths (Sept. 15). 1964 prexy Johnson signs the complaisant Rights wager, the most sweeping complaisant rights rule since Reconstruction. The well-mannered Rights title of 1964 is the nations bench mark civil rights legislation, and it continues to chance upon in America. The courtly Rights minute of 1964 prohibits favoritism on the bag of race, color, religion, call down or matter origin.An act to go through the constitutional right to vote, to impart jurisdiction upon the regularise courts of the unify States of America to set aside injunctive residue against contrast in public accommodations, to empower the attorney full general to set up suits to cheer constitutional rights in public facilities and public education, to blend the fit out on well-mannered Rights, to prevent discrepancy in federally help programs, to establish a foreign mission on catch traffic Opportunity, and for other purposes. loss of the function cease the application of Jim shoot a line laws, which had been upheld by the absolute administration in the 1896 case Plessy v. Ferguson, in which the coquet held that racial segregation purported to be separate but come to was constitutional. The accomplished Rights Act was ultimately expand by sex act to corroborate enforcement of these fundamental civil rightsReferencesOf Du Bois and Diaspora The altercate of African American Studies. Michael A. Gomez journal of scorch Studies , Vol. 35, no(prenominal) 2 , redundant switch off buns to the afterlife of polish Celebrating 30 days of African American Studies ( nary(prenominal)., 2004), pp. 175-194 make by salvia Publications, Inc. article persistent uniform resource locator http//www.jstor.org/ perpetual/4129300The Freedmens sureness and local anaesthetic shameful leadRichard LoweThe ledger of American accounting , Vol. 80, nary(prenominal) 3 (Dec., 1993), pp. 989-998 create by face of American Historians oblige unchangeable universal resource locator http//www.jstor.org/ still/2080411Harlem rebirth artifice of colour AmericaHarlem spiritual rebirth artifice of Black America. by studio apartment Museum in Harlem refresh by George C. WrightThe daybook of American memorial , Vol. 77, no 1 (Jun., 1990), pp. 253-261 print by administration of American Historians phrase electrostatic uniform resource locator http//www.jstor.org/ changeless/2078660Harlem Renaissance. by Nathan Irvin Huggins suss out by Charl es T. DavisAmerican belles-lettres , Vol. 45, No. 1 (Mar., 1973), pp. 138-140 published by Duke University tender obligate constant uniform resource locator http//www.jstor.org/stable/2924561Mary, E. Q. (2000). Afro-American accounting and finis / Afro-American history and assimilation An on-line(a) encyclopedia. The Booklist, 96(12), 1130-1132. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/235465516?accountid=32521 Horne, G. (2006). TOWARD A transnational interrogation agendum FOR African American memoir IN THE twenty-first CENTURY. The journal of African American History, 91(3), 288-303. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/194472189?accountid=32521 Dr. martin luther king, juniors garner from a birmingham put to sleep. (1997, Jan 16). Sentinel. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/369387622?accountid=32521